<p>The Mill Street–North Clover Street Historic District is located along those streets and Main Street in western Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. It is an irregularly-shaped area of 27 acre between US 9 and downtown Poughkeepsie, located on the slope up from the Hudson River. There are roughly 139 historic buildings, and very few new ones.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Like the Union Street Historic District to its south, the neighborhood remained virtually unchanged from the 19th century when it first began to grow and develop. It includes as contributing properties some listed on the Register in their own right, like the Vassar Institute, Vassar Home for Aged Men (both now home to a local arts center) and Church of the Holy Comforter, designed by Richard Upjohn.</p><br>
<p>At that time, Poughkeepsie was clearing and demolishing many old neighborhoods as part of its urban renewal programs. The historic districts were established to preserve what would not be demolished. Two areas of historic buildings adjacent to the district, on Main and North Bridge streets, were not included because they were meant to be razed as well. But those plans were canceled, and in 1987 the district&#39;s boundaries were increased by a few acres to include the still-extant blocks.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>In its current form the district is somewhat horseshoe-shaped, touching Main Street in two small areas on the south and connecting its two larger neighborhoods via Mill Street in the north. These boundaries were mostly established on the initial listing in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The underlying land slopes up gently from Route 9 to where the land levels off at the western edge of downtown Poughkeepsie. On the west, it takes in Church of the Holy Comforter and the houses on Davies Place just across from it and Wheaton Park to the north. All the property on North Clover, the next street to the west, is included except the west corner of the Main Street intersection on the south. The homes at 105-115 Main to the east were one of the 1987 additions.</p><br>
<p>In the north it narrows for a short distance to include just the property on the south side of Mill, then expands again to both sides of the street after the North Perry Street intersection, even including some of the Charles Street buildings to their north. Two blocks of North Bridge Street to the north are within the district, as well as some short adjacent sections of Charles and Mansion streets. South of the intersection is the other area added to the district later.</p><br>
<p>The eastern portion is bordered on the north by the south side of Mansion Street, turning south along the rear property lines of the west side of Washington Street to Mill Street again, then including that side of the street all the way to the rear lines of the north side of Main Street. The district boundary is at Main Street to include the Vassar Home for Aged Men building, where it crosses the street and follows the rear lines on the other side to the North Bridge Street properties. Almost all of Vassar Street, and all of Lafayette Street, are within the district.</p><br>
<p>Most of the district is residential, with a few churches and other institutional buildings. Many are of brick, often in the Second Empire style not commonly used with that material. There are some Federal and Greek Revival buildings, most notably the Second Baptist Church, Poughkeepsie&#39;s only remaining church in the latter style, scattered throughout.</p><br>
<p>The only commercial areas are along Main and the Mill–North Clover intersection. Wheaton Park is the district&#39;s major open space. Past demolitions have also left some lots vacant.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1702, a Dutch settler, Baltus Van Kleeck, built the first house in what would later become Poughkeepsie. It was located on the path that would become Mill Street, near the intersection with the future Vassar Street. Mill Street was one of the first paths between the settlement of Poughkeepsie on the plateau and the river. As it developed into a more permanent street, the area grew. The coming of the Hudson River Railroad, which passed close to the neighborhood on the west, in the 1850s added to its prosperity. By mid-century it had become Poughkeepsie&#39;s downtown. All of its historic buildings were erected between 1840 and 1875.</p><br>
<p>One of its great benefactors was Matthew Vassar and his descendants. The familys property and residences gave their name to Vassar Street, where their main landholding was. In 1835 they tore down Van Kleecks original house.</p><br>
<p>Their ownership of the land on which the Second Baptist Church was located led to it being called the "Vassar Temple" due to its colonnaded facade and use as a synagogue after the Civil War. His nephews built the eclectic brick Vassar Institute and Vassar Home for Aged Men on family land, now at Vassar and Main, to carry on the family&#39;s educational and charitable traditions, in the early 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood remained mostly unchanged well into the 20th century, when it was spared from urban renewal by the work of local preservationists. The cancellation of many urban renewal plans led to the boundary increase in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Five buildings within the district were separately listed on the National Register just prior to the district itself. They include two churches, two institutional buildings and one house now used as an organization&#39;s headquarters.</p><br>
<p>Church of the Holy Comforter. 1860 Gothic Revival church on Davies Place, originally Episcopal but now Anglican Catholic, designed by Richard Upjohn. Steeple is a city landmark to drivers on neighboring Route 9.</p><br>
<p>Italian Center. Late Victorian brick townhouse now used as headquarters for local Italian American organization.</p><br>
<p>Second Baptist Church. Only Greek Revival church left in the city, at Vassar and Mill streets. Later known as "Vassar Temple" due to that family&#39;s ownership of the land, the colonnaded front facade and its later use as a synagogue.</p><br>
<p>Vassar Home for Aged Men. 1880 senior citizens&#39; home at Vassar and Main now serves as offices for Cunneen-Hackett Arts Center and some other local nonprofits.</p><br>
<p>Vassar Institute. Eclectic 1882 brick building just across from the Home for Aged Men. Now the main building for the arts center programs.</p><br>
<p>Langley Park, also known as McCormick-Goodhart Mansion, is a Colonial Revival style estate mansion in Langley Park, Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland. In 1924, the McCormick-Goodhart family erected an 18,000 ft&sup2, 28-room Georgian Revival mansion, designed by architect George Oakley Totten Jr., at a cost of $100,000 that remains a community landmark on 15th Ave.</p><br>
<p>"Langley Park" references the 540 acre estate established in 1923, by the McCormick-Goodhart family in the Chillum District of Prince Georges County, Maryland. They named the estate Langley Park after the Goodharts ancestral home in England, Langley Fields. Frederick Goodheart&#39;s wife was Henrietta Laura McCormick, daughter of Leander J. McCormick (1819–1900) who was a founder of what became International Harvester. The estate also included the local historic landmark, the Adelphi Mill.</p><br>
<p>During the late-1940s and early 1950s, the estate was subdivided and developed as a planned community containing low-rise apartments, semi-detached and single family homes; and a major regional shopping area. The mansion was acquired in 1947 from the McCormick-Goodhart family by the Eudist Order for use as a seminary. The seminary operated until 1963. The mansion then operated until the early 1990s as Willowbrook Montessori School. The mansion reopened in 2010 after a $13.8 million project as a multicultural service center operated by CASA of Maryland.</p><br>
<p>This property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Belvidere Café, Motel and Gas Station is a historic building in Litchfield, Illinois, United States, along Route 66. The site also has a residence and two motel units.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1929, Albina and Vincenzo Cerolla built a one-room, frame gas station with a single pump to serve motorists on Route 66. The station also sold motor oil and other automobile accessories and necessities. The station operated under a lease as part of the Johnson Oil Refining Company of Chicago. In 1936, they expanded with a new brick gas station, a café, four motel rooms with individual automobile garages, and a small house for the owners. The restaurant was known as Cerolla&#39;s Café.</p><br>
<p>Edith, the daughter of the Cerollas, and her husband Lester "Curly" Kranich continued the business after the death of Edith&#39;s parents. The Kraniches demolished the original house on the property in the 1950s and built a new one with a garage. They also expanded the motel at this time, adding two identical wings. The Kraniches also had to reorient the entrances when a new four-lane bypass opened on the other side of the property in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The construction of Interstate 55 in the 1970s marked the end of the once-thriving family business by diverting highway traffic westward. The café closed in 1971. The Kraniches retired in 1975, closing the facility. The café, motel, and gas station buildings were kept in relatively good condition but were used primarily for storage. The property sits largely vacant; the buildings are for sale. The current owner occasionally rents a room in one of the wings.</p><br>
<p>The Brown Shoe Company Factory is a historic factory located at 212 S. State St. in Litchfield, Illinois. The factory opened in 1917 to produce shoes for the St. Louis–based Brown Shoe Company. Prominent St. Louis architect Albert B. Groves designed the factory, which was one of twelve he designed for the company. The factory became Litchfield&#39;s second-largest industry and brought the community prosperity through the Great Depression; in addition, its employees formed a civic organization that created a public park on company property. The factory closed in 1967; it was later used by cabinet manufacturer Adenca.</p><br>
<p>The factory was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 2006.</p><br>
<p>MV Westward is an 86 ft motor yacht, "arguably Seattle’s most famous motor yacht," originally constructed in 1924 by Ted Geary for inventor Campbell Church, Sr., and currently owned by Bill Bailey. Her home port is Friday Harbor, Washington and she is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places as the first purpose built Alaskan cruise ship.</p><br>
<p>(Weekly list of actions taken on properties 4/09/07 through 4/13/07). MV Westward is NRHP listing #07000304, listed April 12, 2007. Accessed online 6 September 2008</p><br>
<p>Westward was modeled after a salmon cannery tender and constructed—around a 1923 Atlas-Imperial diesel engine—at the Martinolich Shipyard on Maury Island near Seattle. She was designed to travel the Inside Passage along the British Columbia coast to Alaska. Her construction marked a turning point in Geary&#39;s career: previously he had built workboats; from this time he built yachts.</p><br>
<p>In her early years, expeditions on the Westward were hunting expeditions, with "a Norwegian whale gun shooting harpoons fitted with time fuse bombs, a 10-horse gasoline winch with thirty-six hundred feet of quarter-inch plow steel cable as a fishing line, and all of the accessories for scrapping it out with fifty-ton whales". These expeditions were led by Church&#39;s son Campbell Church, Jr., who founded The Alaska Coast Hunting and Cruising Company. The Churches ended up owning numerous notable motor yachts. Besides the Westward were the Nooya, Deerleap, Caroline, Alarwee, Acania, Onawa, Malibu, Cadrew, Electra, Olympus, and Taconite. Campbell Jr. made extensive films of his journeys.</p><br>
<p>Among the many people who have traveled aboard Westward are A. C. Gilbert, inventor of the Erector Set, George Eastman (of Eastman Kodak), banker Paul Mellon, George Pabst of Pabst Brewing Company, investor E.F. Hutton and his wife Marjorie Merriweather Post, Walt Disney, John Wayne, Phil Harris, Fibber McGee & Molly and Amos & Andy.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, Westward was pressed into military service. Don Gumpertz bought Westward in 1967 and circumnavigated the globe in it in the 1970s. Hugh Reilly, once the owner of a fleet of fishing trawlers in the Alaska seafood industry (coincidentally named Westward Trawlers), bought Westward in 1993. From 1997 to 2004 he returned Her to her roots as a vessel for Alaska tourism (minus the blood sports). He then put the boat through a major refitting before taking her on a two-year tour of the Pacific, from which he returned in early September 2008. After a brief visit to Puget Sound, he took her down the West Coast to Mexico and then in May 2009 crossed for the South Pacific.</p><br>
<p>Westward is still powered by her original 1923 Atlas-Imperial diesel engine. which provides 110 horsepower and gives her a cruising speed of eight knots. http://classicyacht.org/westward/?page_id=26</p><br>
<p>Westward is currently owned and operated by Bill Bailey of Friday Harbor, WA as part of the Pacific Catalyst II tour business.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p><coord>47.628056,-122.333611</coord></p><br>
<p>Fort Tompkins is a fort on Staten Island in New York City, within what is now Fort Wadsworth at the Narrows. Fort Tompkins  guarded the landward approaches to other forts in the area from 1808 through circa 1898. The current fort was built 1847–1861, and was operational as a fort until superseded by new defenses circa 1898. It is now part of the Gateway National Recreation Area. It is the last remaining of four forts in New York State named Fort Tompkins.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Colonial and Revolution</h3><br>
<p>The first use of the land for military purposes was as the site of a blockhouse built by Dutch settler David Pieterszen de Vries in 1636 on Signal Hill (now the site of Fort Tompkins), which was burned in an Indian raid of the Peach War in 1655. The site is said to have been continuously garrisoned since another blockhouse was built in 1663, which survived at least through 1808. During the American Revolution the area became known as the Patriot redoubt Flagstaff Fort; captured by the British in 1776, it remained in British hands and was expanded by them until the war&#39;s end in 1783.</p><br>
<h3>Early 19th century</h3><br>
<p>The area became the responsibility of New York State in 1806, at which time four forts were built on the site with state resources, being ready for service in 1808 though incomplete. These included the red sandstone Forts Richmond (on the site now called Battery Weed) and Tompkins, on the sites of the current forts but of different design, along with Forts Morton and Hudson, with positions for a total of 164 guns in the four forts. Fort Tompkins at that time included a red sandstone enclosure containing the 1663 blockhouse. Fort Richmond was initially semicircular while Fort Tompkins was a regular pentagon with circular bastions, both very different from their Third System replacements. Although these forts were contemporary with the federal government&#39;s second system of seacoast fortifications, they were not part of the federal program. Federal rebuilding of Forts Richmond and Tompkins did not begin until 1847. Fort Richmond was named for Richmond County, in which Staten Island is located, while Fort Tompkins was named for Daniel D. Tompkins, governor of New York State in the War of 1812. New York City was not attacked in that war, so the first Fort Tompkins did not see action, although it was improved and the area fortified with up to 900 cannon during that war.</p><br>
<h3>Third system</h3><br>
<p>By 1835 Forts Richmond and Tompkins had deteriorated to the point that they were declared unfit for use, and the next year the federal government began a decade-long process of purchasing them. Both forts were ready for service, though still incomplete, when the Civil War broke out in April, 1861.</p><br>
<h3>1861-1905</h3><br>
<p>The Fort Tompkins area was important as a mobilization center in the Civil War, and it was further fortified. New York City was not attacked in that war, so the fort did not see action. In the 1890s new gun batteries were built under the Endicott Program, and Fort Tompkins role in the areas defense ceased. In 1902 the area was designated as Fort Wadsworth, with Fort Richmond (renamed Fort Wadsworth in 1865) becoming Battery Weed.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>Fort Tompkins was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. In 1979 the Navy acquired the site as part of Naval Station New York, but in 1995 the Navy base was disestablished and the Fort Wadsworth property became part of the Gateway National Recreation Area under the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Belle Aire is a Greek Revival mansion listed on both the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register in the Greater Deyerle neighborhood of the independent city of Roanoke, Virginia, USA Located just south of Brandon Avenue SW  at 3820 Belle Aire Circle SW, Belle Aire was completed in 1849, as the private residence of Madison and Margeret Pitzer on a knoll overlooking their 1,600 acre of land adjacent to the Roanoke River. It is located approximately one-half mile from his brother Jeramiah&#39;s house . Today the home still stands, with the surrounding area now developed as single family home typical of those built during the 1970s-80s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Belle Aire was constructed by Benjamin Deyerle and his carpenter Gustave A. Sedon (also known as Gustavus Sedon) for the Pitzer family in 1849. Its Greek Revival embellishments were influenced by the New England architect Asher Benjamin&#39;s publication The Practical House Carpenter of 1830. The L-shaped home is of brick construction with stuccoed Doric pilasters at the corners. Its most recognizable feature is its 2-story pedimented portico four fluted Doric columns at each level. A kitchen addition replaced the original outbuilding and the side portico has been enclosed. Otherwise, Belle Aire remains much as it was in 1850. Today the home remains as a private residence. It became a Virginia Historic Landmark in 1966 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Lone Oaks, also known as the Benjamin Deyerle Place and Winsmere, is a Greek Revival mansion listed on both the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register in the Greater Deyerle neighborhood of the independent city of Roanoke, Virginia. Located at 3402 Grandin Road Extension SW, Lone Oaks was completed in 1850 as the private residence of Benjamin Deyerle overlooking Mudlick Creek. Today the home still stands, with the surrounding area now developed as single family home typical of those built during the 1970s–1980s. Today the home remains as a private residence. The house is L-shaped with a single pediment Doric entrance portico, which has plain square pillars and fluted columns. It became a Virginia Historic Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Main house</h2><br>
<p>"A two-story, L-shaped brick house with three bay facade, rigid symmetry, parged antae and full entablature, Lone Oak is well within the form and style of the other houses Benjamin Deyerle erected during his most prolific period, between 1848 and 1851. Today, Lone Oaks retains its original, well proportioned Doric Portico with Pediment supported by paired groups of outside pillars and inside columns."</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>Several 19th century outbuildings on the Lone Oaks property are interesting. They date from the construction of the main house or later. Many of the bricks used are rejects from the primary selection, and some are friable and partially deteriorated.</p><br>
<h3>Springhouse</h3><br>
<p>A two-story spring house and dwelling or office is built into the side of Mud Lick Creek where a spring keeps the basement cool. The limestone foundation and brick walls has an entrance to the dwelling area from the uphill side, and has a large fireplace and chimney.</p><br>
<h3>Slave quarters</h3><br>
<p>The slave quarters, barracoon, office and dwelling has two over two rooms, and is made from brick with 13" walls. All the rooms are heated by fireplaces. The south room on the first floor has a large fireplace and may have been used as an outdoor kitchen for the house.</p><br>
<h3>Smokehouse</h3><br>
<p>The Smokehouse is a two-story, front gabled brick structure. Many of the bricks used in the construction are durable, but were probably rejected as being too imperfect to be used on the walls of the main house.</p><br>
<h3>Privy</h3><br>
<p>The privy is a curious construction, for a long mis-identified as a brick kiln. Because it had a flue ventilated chimney, it was mistakenly viewed as a fireplace for heating the bricks. However, there is no fireplace at all, and was used only for ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The Rosendale Library, formerly the All Saints&#39; Chapel, is located on Main Street  in Rosendale, New York, United States. It was originally built as a Gothic Revival Episcopal church from locally mined Rosendale cement, a material which covers the stonework exterior walls.</p><br>
<p>After floods from nearby Rondout Creek damaged the building in the mid-1950s, the church abandoned it. It also survived a fire in the mid-1970s. A newly formed local library district was created to restore it for use as a library. In 1986 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The chapel is a one-story two-by-five-bay building with a rectangular chancel. Its walls are uncoursed cement rock rubble laid in Rosendale cement, with some embellishments and flourishes at windows and doors. A fire in the mid-1970s required the replacement of much of the original interior decoration, although the original wood ceiling is intact. All but two of the stained-glass windows had to be replaced as well. The building was designed to hold 150 people.</p><br>
<p>On the exterior, the most prominent feature is the steeply pitched gable decorated with a scroll-sawn triangular insert with a central quatrefoil and three surrounding trefoils. The slate roof tiled in a decorative pattern of scallops and flowers. A small entrance vestibule and vestry are located on opposite ends of the east wall. On the west is a hexagonal spire paneled in a simple Gothic motif down at the base and louvered at the top, and a four-by-two-bay, architecturally sympathetic wing added in the 1970s, not considered contributing due to its lack of age.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The opening of the Delaware and Hudson Canal in the late 1820s triggered rapid growth in Rosendale, as in other communities along its route. In 1874, St. Peters Episcopal Church in nearby Stone Ridge established St. Johns Mission to serve worshippers there, and within two years it had grown enough to warrant its own chapel. Two thousand dollars was raised, and the building was built in 1877. The name of the mission was changed to All Saints&#39;.</p><br>
<p>In 1893 the mission became a parish in its own right, sponsoring missions of its own in the smaller nearby communities of Bloomingdale and Rifton for periods of the early 20th century. In 1956, flooding in the wake of Hurricane Flossy did enough damage to the church that it had to be abandoned, and the parish was dissolved.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Snyder, a local descendant of the family that had first made a fortune from the cement, bought the building in 1957. He told the local womens club he would donate it for use as a library if they organized it. The clubs members formed the Rosendale Library Association, and after restorations and improvements the chapel reopened as the library in 1959.</p><br>
<p>A 1975 fire damaged the building somewhat, and the original interior finishings and all but two of the stained-glass windows had to be removed and replaced. As part of the repair work, a west wing that had been planned when the building was originally acquired was added.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, after the property was listed on the Register, the New York State Legislature passed legislation, signed by then-governor Mario Cuomo, permitting the creation of a special library district. Voters in Rosendale approved its creation in 1987 and it received its charter from the state Board of Regents two years later.</p><br>
<p>Work continues on the library building itself. In the 2000s the district obtained a $75,000 state grant to repair the slate roof, and it is currently raising the money required to match it.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>The church&#39;s basic design, with its thick walls and lancet windows, is consistent with the English country churches that first used the Gothic Revival style. The arches and brick surrounds of the windows are also consistent with the vernacular styles of churches built by congregants of English descent in the Hudson Valley. Embedded shells in the exterior, and other touches, suggest the Venetian Gothic stylings written about and championed by John Ruskin.</p><br>
<p>The most unusual aspect of the building&#39;s architecture is the exterior finish. The rubblestone, normally left bare in such structures, was instead covered over with Rosendale cement, suggesting a desire to showcase a locally produced building material that had made many residents and congregants prosperous.</p><br>
<p>Springfield Plantation is an antebellum house located near Fayette in Jefferson County, Mississippi. It has been associated with many famous people throughout its history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>One of the oldest mansions in Mississippi, the Springfield Mansion was built between 1786 and 1791. The original plantation had over 3,000 acre and was purchased by Thomas M. Green Jr., a wealthy Virginia planter, in 1784. Green had the house built to show off his wealth. The mansion was one of the first houses in America to have a full colonnade across the entire facade and is the first such mansion to be built in the Mississippi Valley. The whole house was built by his slaves out of clay from the land. The hinges, knobs, and all metal tools were built at the plantation&#39;s blacksmith building.</p><br>
<p>Possibly what makes Springfield Plantation most famous is the claim that a wedding that took place there in 1791. Thomas M. Green Sr., the owners father, was one of the magistrates of the Mississippi Territory and as such, performed the marriage ceremony of Andrew Jackson and Rachel Donelson at the house in August 1791. However, this date and location is disputed, and there is no documentary evidence that the marriage took place at Springfield or even that it took place at all in Mississippi or elsewhere prior to Rachels legal divorce from Lewis Robards in 1794.</p><br>
<p>According to Southern chronicler Harnett T. Kane, "...the Greens, also went from the Natchez vicinity, leaving their Springfield, a mellowed place of thick red walls and white columns. Toward the bases of the shafts the colors fade; there is a hint of red through the white, and the rich mold-green that only the years can bring are marks of honorable age. But the crowded life of the Greens has no modern counterpart. The house stands in a district of deserted sites that time has left behind."</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>After numerous owners over the years, the house decayed for decades. Arthur Edward Cavalier de LaSalle, Arthur LaSalle as he liked to be called, was given a lifetime lease of the home by the owners to repair, live in, and give tours of the mansion in the early 1970s. When asked about the mansion when he first arrived, he said, "It was occupied by the rats and pigeons, nothing else." Springfield is still a working plantation. On August 14, 2008, LaSalle died there. The tours have stopped, but the owners say they will be restarted.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>It is not known how many people are buried at the Green Family Cemetery at Springfield Plantation. These are the names of those known.</p><br>
<p>Thomas M. Green Jr. (1758–1813)--Martha Kirland (1760–1805)</p><br>
<p>Martha Wills Green (1783–1808)</p><br>
<p>The Snyder Estate Natural Cement Historic District is located in the Town of Rosendale, New York, United States. It is a 275 acre tract roughly bounded by Rondout Creek, Binnewater and Cottekill roads and Sawdust Avenue. NY 213 runs through the lower portion of the district, paralleling the dry bed of the Delaware and Hudson Canal.</p><br>
<p>Within the district&#39;s bounds are 122 contributing properties representing what remains of five plants that produced Rosendale cement, and the homes and dependencies of the Snyder family, who originally owned the land. They range in age from the bed of the canal, where the cement was discovered in 1825 during construction, to some of the last factories built before production was ended in 1970. Included are not just homes, barns, and factories but mines, reservoirs, and a rail siding. After an aborted attempt to secure National Historic Landmark District status in 1978, the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is shaped like a letter "r", solidly bounded by the roads and creek on three of its sides, but with its eastern boundary mostly following old roads between Route 213, Binnewater road and Sawdust avenue. Physically, it is dominated by two large hills, foothills of the Shawangunk Ridge to the south, which rise to over 300 feet (91 m) in elevation, more than 200 ft above the creek&#39;s waters to the south.</p><br>
<p>Between them in a narrow valley sit the remains of one of the largest cement plants in it. An old Wallkill Valley Railroad siding runs from there to the northeast corner near where it once joined the main line at today&#39;s Binnewater Historic District. Old mines and quarries are tunneled into the sides of both hills.</p><br>
<p>The property is mostly wooded save for the developed areas. Some of the areas along the road are old fields, today meadows.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Natural cement production began almost immediately after its discovery inside district bounds by James McEntee, an engineer on the D&H canal construction project in 1825. Production peaked by the end of the 19th century at about 4,000,000 barrels per year. Demand for natural cement fell during the 20th century due to competitive pressure from Portland cement. The final cement company closed its operations in 1970 after a valiant attempt to survive mounted by A. J. Snyder.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The Snyder family owned and farmed the property since 1755. In 1809, Christopher and Deborah Snyder commissioned for their newlywed son, Jacob Lowe Snyder, a house with an accompanying gristmill on the creek. Known today as the Century House, it is the oldest extant building in the district whose age is precisely known.</p><br>
<p>In 1825, Jacob ceded a portion of his land to John B. Jervis of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company so that a canal could be built across the property. As a condition of building the canal, Jacob required the company to build him a slip so he could ship his produce to market, and a bridge to reach his mill. Crews excavating the area a short while later found large deposits of dolostone containing an ideal amount of clay minerals that, once pulverized and mixed, could be turned into natural cement without additives.</p><br>
<p>The company set up production facilities almost immediately, as similar cement was used to construct the Erie Canal. The presence of dolomite meant the canal could be built using this new cement and guaranteed another customer beside the anthracite coal miners the canal was built to serve. In 1830, Snyder leased the southeastern corner of his property to Watson Lawrence. Lawrence had already built a cement plant on adjacent land. Other mines and cement plants opened up in the 32 square miles area along the Rondout as well, creating a vibrant local industry.</p><br>
<p>Snyder reinvested much of the Lawrence Cement Companys profits in improving its technical quality. He courted buyers for large, high-profile government projects like New York Citys Croton Aqueduct and the Brooklyn Navy Yard docks. The popularity ultimately strained the company&#39;s finances to the point of failure; the company closed in 1858.</p><br>
<p>Lawrence retained control of the new Lawrenceville Cement Company, but was ousted after three years when William Beach took over. Beach expanded the production facilities, in time for the rise in demand that occurred as the Gilded Age saw a rapid increase in demand after the lull caused by the Civil War. Beach died in 1881; control soon passed to his son William N. Beach II.</p><br>
<p>The younger Beach took advantage of the recently constructed Wallkill Valley Railroad and its connections to the New York Central network as a way to get product to market, building a siding to the plant. In keeping with a general national trend, this began a shift away from the canal that had spawned the cement works, and within two decades the canal would carry its last loads.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>As the century ended, the natural-cement industry dominated the market. The Snyder family was proud that their cement had been used in the Brooklyn Bridge, an icon of the era. Beach built another new plant in the northeast corner of the property to handle demand. But the development of the cheaper Portland cement during that period eventually toppled the Rosendale variety, whose market share dropped 90% in the first decade of the 20th century. Local industrial magnate Samuel Coykendall eventually tried to salvage the Rosendale industry through mergers, combining all the local companies save the ones on the Snyder property into one. The Consolidated Rosendale Cement Company was no more successful than any of its component companies had been, and was in receivership by 1918.</p><br>
<p>In 1911 an Ulster County court had forced the sale of the Snyder company from William Snyder to 21-year-old Andrew J. Snyder II after a disagreement over the sharing of profits. The younger Snyder dismantled one of the larger plants and built a smaller one in its place. He was able to continue production on a reduced scale through the 1920s, and later in that decade attracted the interest of an investor from Cleveland named Kling, who leased a portion of the property from Snyder and started the Interstate Cement Company.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression soon put an end to that venture, and by 1935 it had become the Century Cement Manufacturing Co., wholly owned by Snyder. He was able to keep the company going through the later 1930s when he allowed mushroom growers to set up shop in the abandoned Beach Mine. Eventually, that would produce five tons (4.5 tonnes) per day before it stopped in 1960.</p><br>
<p>At the same time he also took advantage of a discovery that Portland cement could be made even more quickly and last longer when combined with natural cement in an 80:20 ratio. This blend was particularly suited to highways, then being built at a great pace everywhere due to the combination of New Deal public works projects and increasing automobile use. By the start of World War II production was again on the increase.</p><br>
<p>It fell during the war years but rebounded afterward to even higher levels as highway construction picked up again with the development of the Interstate Highway System. In 1954 Rosendale cement was used for the nearby sections of the New York State Thruway. However, it would be the last major public project in which it was used.</p><br>
<p>Snyder had been exploring the possibilities of making Portland cement as well. Geologists found that there were significant reserves in the Hudson Valley of the type of limestone needed, so in 1958 the company bought a plant from the Swiss company Van Roll. Three years later it was built next to the existing facilities and began turning out cement. Around the same time, chemists developed an additive to Portland cement which eliminated the need for the Rosendale mix, and cut costs even further.</p><br>
<p>Snyder and the company&#39;s technical team tried to keep up with the changes, but they were as old as he was and had trouble getting the formula right. The market for the natural cement the property still produced was almost negligible, and in 1970 Snyder finally halted production almost a century and a half after Rosendale cement had first been discovered on the bed of the long-abandoned canal. He himself died five years later</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Recognizing its historic importance not just to the region but the country as a whole, two staffers at the American Association for State and Local History prepared an application to have the district designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978 that was never completed. It runs the property as a museum devoted to both the house and the American natural cement industry.</p><br>
<p>In the plants last years, one of the few markets it had left was the restoration of historic buildings that had originally used it or similar materials. The factorys closure left those builders without any source of authentic material. In 2004 Edison Coatings, Inc., of Plainville, Connecticut, trademarked the brand Rosendale Natural Cement Products and began offering an authentic, historically accurate replacement.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Several of the many contributing resources to the district are notable in their own right. None have yet been separately listed on the Register, save the sections of canal bed, a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Century House Historical Society(CHHS) operates the site as a museum that is open to the public on Sunday afternoons in the summer season. The museum is also known as the "Century House Historical Society Museum" and the "Snyder Estate Museum".</p><br>
<h3>Century House</h3><br>
<p>Jacob Lowe Snyder&#39;s 1809 frame house, renovated in the 1940s, is the core of the CHHS property and the oldest building in the district.</p><br>
<p>The house features the Cement Industry Museum, with artifacts and photographs from the Rosendale cement industry. Rosendale Natural Cement was used in the building of many historic buildings and structures, including the Brooklyn Bridge, the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, the wings of the USA Capitol, the Washington Monument, Grand Central Terminal, the Croton Aqueduct, the Empire State Building (foundation) and dams and many other public works projects. There is also a display of horse-drawn carriages and sleighs.</p><br>
<h3>Andrew J. Snyder I House</h3><br>
<p>Known also as the Ceramic Brick House. Originally built in 1887 as a Second Empire-style mansion complete with mansard roof, in 1950 the windows and roof were converted to a more standard gable with dormers. It was also refaced in polychrome glazed brick imported from Leeds. This drastic exterior redesign did not cost the house its historic status as its original framing and interior layout remain intact.</p><br>
<h3>Canal infrastructure</h3><br>
<p>In addition to the canal bed, other aspects of the canal remain within the district. There is a waste weir next to it, and just west of Binnewater Road is a reservoir that was used to keep the canal full during dry stretches. The slip that the company built for Snyder is also intact, and is possibly the only remaining slip from the original construction along the entire length of the former canal.</p><br>
<h3>Widow Jane Mine</h3><br>
<p>Widow Jane Mine, a drift mine into one of the hillsides, is the oldest cement mine on the property. It was constructed using the room and pillar technique, where pillars of dolomite have been left to support the overlying rock. The largest of the mines, it has been likened to an underground pillared room. The deep mining operations are mostly flooded with groundwater, but the room and pillar entrance is available for visitors. Frequent events taking advantage of the unique acoustics are hosted in the summer.</p><br>
<p>Heart Prairie Lutheran Church of Whitewater, Wisconsin, United States, was a historic church organized in 1844 by pioneer Lutheran minister, Claus Lauritz Clausen.</p><br>
<p>Before the church was built, services were held under oak trees, in the Lyman School, and in log cabins. One of those early log cabins, owned by Gundar Halvorsen, now sits on the campus of the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. The Norwegian pioneers began hauling brick by oxcart to build the present church, which was completed between 1855 and 1857. About this time the congregation joined with congregations at Whitewater, Palmyra and Sugar Creek to call the same Lutheran pastor.</p><br>
<p>During the later 19th century the congregation grew to over 100 members. After 1880 an organist played a reed pump organ that led the congregational hymns. The Norwegian language was used in the church until 1902. It was only then that the English language was introduced into the services, but not used exclusively until 1920. During the early 1900s membership began declining as a result of families moving out of the Heart Prairie area. Finally in 1948, because of dwindling membership, the congregation merged with First English Lutheran Church of Whitewater.</p><br>
<p>The church, which became known for its historical, architectural and religious features, is included on the National Register of Historic Places. Historically this church may be the oldest Norwegian Lutheran Church in America still being used in its original state. Architecturally the church is a lasting example of pioneer building. Brick was used not only to build walls, but also to supply ornamental and decorative details.</p><br>
<p>The Crest is a historic house on Eatons Neck in Suffolk County, New York. Although on the land mass of Eatons Neck, the house today is within the jurisdiction of the Incorporated Village of Asharoken. According to the National Register of Historic Places, on which the house is listed, it has also been known as Hasbrouk-DeLamater House and as Robinson House. Another name for the house is Walnut Crest.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1902 for Oakley Ramshon DeLamater who presented the house as a gift to his wife, Elizabeth Hasbrouk DeLamater. Oakley R. DeLamater was the grandson of Cornelius H. DeLamater, who owned the DeLamater Iron Works located where 13th Street meets the Hudson River in New York City. The ironworks is where the turret and machinery was built for the ironclad USS Monitor during the Civil War. The estate, originally named "Walnut Crest" was built on a high crest of land overlooking Walnut Neck. Walnut Neck is a peninsula on the south side of Eatons Neck.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by Harry E. Donnell, who was married to another grandchild of Cornelius H. DeLamater.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Owego Central Historic District is a historic district in Owego in Tioga County, New York. It encompasses 83 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 1 contributing structure. The district is primarily commercial, with some notable civic and institutional buildings. Notable buildings include the former Owego Academy , County Clerk&#39;s Office, Owego Village Firehouse , Owego National Bank , Presbyterian Church, and the Greek Revival and Italianate style Riverow commercial complex.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and its boundaries were increased in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The district includes Tioga County Courthouse and USA Post Office (Owego, New York), which are separately listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Halekii-Pihana Heiau State Monument is a 10 acre park containing two important luakini heiau on a high ridge near the mouth of Iao Stream in Wailuku, Maui. Both Halekii and Pihana were associated with important Hawaiian chiefs, have been closely studied by archaeologists, and overlook the fertile Nā Wai Ehā  region irrigated by the Wailuku, Waikapu, Waihee and Waiehu streams. The heiau complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 25 November 1985.</p><br>
<p>Pihana (fullness or gathering) is also known as Piihana and Pihanakalani (gathering of the supernatural). It began as a small temple site between 1260 and 1400, was expanded between 1410 and 1640 to serve as a residence and luakini (war/sacrificial) temple for Kiihewa, who lived at the time of Kakae, the father of Kahekili I.</p><br>
<p>Halekii (image house or "Tiki House") was added along the crest of the hill at about this time, reputedly at the instigation of chief Kihapiilani. Both were greatly expanded into their present shape between 1662 and 1705, and Pihana was enhanced and reoriented to face the island of Hawaii during a period of interisland warfare between 1684 and 1778. In 1790, after the forces of Kamehameha I won the very deadly Battle of Kepaniwai, his son Liholiho rededicated Pihana.</p><br>
<p>Orote Field is a former air base in the United States territory of Guam built by the Empire of Japan with Chamorro forced labor during the Japanese occupation of Guam . It is separate from the Marine Corps amphibious airplane base at located at Sumay village that was operational from 1921 to 1931. Following the liberation of Guam in 1944, the USA military repaired the field for further use in the Pacific War.</p><br>
<p>Located on Naval Base Guam, Orote Field was largely abandoned after World War II except for occasional training exercises. One major event in 1975 was Operation New Life, when a tent city for tens of thousands of South Vietnamese refugees was erected at the field. The field was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On August 6, 1941, Naval Governor George McMillin sent a letter reporting surveys indicating that the Orote Peninsula could sustain a 4,500 ft-by-400 ft landplane runway. However, the USA did not actually start construction of a runway.</p><br>
<p>During the Japanese occupation of Guam, villages were required to supply levies for able-bodied men to work on airfields and other defense projects. Orote Field was the first of the Japanese airfields on Guam to be completed by Chamorro laborers, largely by hand, in 1943.</p><br>
<p>From May 1944 through the second Battle of Guam, the airfield was attacked by US aircraft. American troops established their beachhead on either side of the Orote Peninsula on July 21 in order to seize the airfield and the adjacent deep water Apra Harbor. The airfield was recaptured on July 30. The Seabees of the 3rd Battalion 19th Marines LLP, 25th Naval Construction Battalion, got the airfield operational.</p><br>
<p>The airfield was one of many USA airfields on Guam during the Pacific War and was closed permanently in 1946. It still sees some use as a touch-and-go training strip used by C-130 Hercules crews located nearby at Andersen Air Force Base.</p><br>
<p>The old airfield housed 50,000 evacuees from South Vietnam during Operation New Life in 1975. It was used as a tent city for the 1999 Tandem Thrust military exercise.</p><br>
<p>It is now part of Naval Base Guam.</p><br>
<p>East Hampton Village District is a historic district in East Hampton, New York.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Its boundaries were increased in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Contributing properties include what is known as the John Howard Payne House (a.k.a. "Home Sweet Home") and the Thomas Moran House, a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Pantigo Windmill and the Gardiner mill, two of the east end&#39;s New England–style smock windmills, are also included.</p><br>
<p>Next to the 1926 flagpole on the village green is a large rock with a plaque installed on it, marking the historic district. The Green slopes up to the South End Cemetery, which was the site of the historic Town Church. It was a thatched roofed structure that was demolished. Near its former site is a memorial to Lion Gardiner, whose grave is 30 feet away. Historical markers about the Rev. Thomas James, first church minister are located on both James Lane and Pondview Lane. Further along is the town pond. This oval constitutes the original boundaries of the historic district.</p><br>
<p>It was expanded to include, on the other side of James Lane, Tuthill House, Mulford Farmhouse, Home Sweet Home (associated with writer John Howard Payne), St. Luke&#39;s Episcopal Church and Rectory, the replica of the John Lyon Gardiner Mill Cottage, Gardiner Mill, The Rev. Thomas James historical marker- first pastor of the town church, (1651-1698) and the Thomas Moran House. The trees on side of the street by Mulford homestead are all separately marked with a stone with a name/date shield.</p><br>
<p>Saint Thomas&#39; Chapel is a historic Episcopal chapel located at Amagansett in the Town of East Hampton, Suffolk County, New York. It was built in 1907 as a summer use chapel without heating or plumbing. The predominant feature of the building is the steep gable roof that sweeps around the three-sided apse at the south end.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The House of Tomorrow is a historic building in the Century of Progress Architectural District in Beverly Shores, Indiana. The house was originally part of Chicago&#39;s 1933-34 Century of Progress Exposition. Designed as the house of the future, this house included its own airplane hangar. Glass walls offered views from every angle and so taxed the experimental air conditioning system that the cooling system failed.</p><br>
<h2>1933 Century of Progress Exposition</h2><br>
<p>The House of Tomorrow was built for the Century of Progress 1933 Homes of Tomorrow Exhibition in Chicago, Illinois. Architect George Fred Kecks design reflected European modernism. The design conveyed the ideals of the fair and its emphasis on science and technology. Keck said he discovered solar heating when he found workers inside the house wearing only shirtsleeves on a frigid winter day.</p><br>
<h2>Bartlett Development</h2><br>
<p>After the close of the Century of Progress, the structure was sold to Robert Bartlett for $2,500. Bartlett was developing a resort community in Beverly Shores, Indiana. The house was placed on a barge and moved across Lake Michigan to Indiana. In April 1938, Bartlett sold the house to become a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Keck&#39;s inspiration for the house came from an 1854 octagon house in his hometown of Watertown, Wisconsin.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration efforts</h2><br>
<p>Restoration efforts on the House of Tomorrow House were started in 1997, with the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and Indiana Landmarks searching for potential lessees to restore the building. As of 2011, the Park Service is once again looking for a long-term renter to complete the restoration of the property. The previous renter vacated the property after the restoration cost estimates exceeded previous budgeted amounts. The current restoration cost is estimated at $2 million. The restoration professionals were identified in March 2017.</p><br>
<p>The House of Tomorrow was named a National Treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in October 2016.</p><br>
<p>In February 2019, the Indiana Landmarks group announced that it was looking for someone to restore the House of Tomorrow, which it estimated would cost about $3 million. If a qualified person does the restoration, they will be granted a 50-year lease on the house.</p><br>
<p>In 2023, the House of Tomorrow received a $2 million grant from the Great American Outdoors Act, funded through the United States Department of the Interior. This grant will fund the first phase of rehabilitation which is expected to begin in spring of 2024.</p><br>
<p>Historic Hicks Field is a historic baseball stadium and national historic district located in Edenton, North Carolina, . The stadium is home to the John A. Holmes High School Aces as well as the Edenton Steamers of the Coastal Plain League.</p><br>
<p>Hicks Field was a Works Progress Administration project in 1939 at the corner of East Freemason and Woodward, adjacent to John A. Holmes High School.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The main structure is a wood grandstand with a roof that was built to accommodate slightly more than 500 people. The main grandstand is the oldest remaining wooden grandstand of its type in the state of North Carolina. Over the years, Hicks Field has been home to many minor league and semipro baseball teams, including the Edenton Colonials of the Virginia League in 1951, the original Coastal Plain League in 1952 and the semipro Albemarle League. Beginning in the 1930s, the Albemarle League was well known for high-level baseball as both top local players and college stars from around the region suited up for teams also representing Elizabeth City, Hertford, Colerain, Windsor and Williamston.</p><br>
<p>Hicks Field was also the longtime spring training site for a number of minor league teams during the 1940s, including Binghamton, New York, and Reading, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Players such as Bob Feller and other major league all-stars have set foot inside the historic stadium. In 1946, Hicks Field played host to arguably one of the best games of that era as an Albemarle League all-star team faced off against a major league all star team composed of players from the Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox. The Albemarle team was defeated but for the 4,500 in attendance they were treated to some of the best players in all of baseball.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, Hicks Field underwent extensive renovations including a complete remodeling of the main grandstand behind home plate and the addition of two new grandstands; one down the first baseline and one down the third baseline as well. New bathrooms were built, as well as a manual wooden scoreboard that was placed in right field. Double decking the outfield fence in left field gave Hicks a "Fenway Park" feel. After all of the renovations were complete, Hicks Field grew in capacity to seat 1,200 people.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the Edenton Steamers were formed in the new Coastal Plain League summer collegiate baseball league. Hicks Field continues to host the Steamers, Edenton-Holmes high school baseball, American Legion Post 40 contests, and various tournaments in the summer. In 2004 Baseball America rated Historic Hicks Field the #2 summer collegiate venue in the country.</p><br>
<p>The Camera Obscura is a large-scale camera obscura, in the Lands End area of the Outer Richmond District in western San Francisco, California.</p><br>
<p>It is located immediately adjacent to the Cliff House, perched on the headlands on the cliffs just north of Ocean Beach. Both the Camera and the Cliff House are owned by the National Park Service and are within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The Camera Obscura was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 and is within the NPS Sutro Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cameras obscura, devices which project an image of the surroundings onto a surface using only existing exterior light sources, usually sunlight, have a long history in San Francisco. The first recorded reference to one in the city is from the 1860s in an attraction called Woodward&#39;s Gardens. A previous incarnation of the Cliff House was noted to have had a camera obscura on its fourth floor in 1896. This camera obscura was destroyed when the restaurant burned down in 1907.</p><br>
<p>When the third Cliff House opened in 1937, the owner was approached by businessman Floyd Jennings with the idea of adding a camera obscura to the cliffs beside the restaurant. It was installed on the site in 1946 and has been in continuous operation since then.</p><br>
<h2>Technology</h2><br>
<p>The San Francisco Camera Obscura projects an image onto a horizontal viewing table via a reflected image from a viewpoint at the top of the building. A metal hood in the cupola at the top of the building slowly rotates, making a full revolution in about six minutes, allowing for a 360° view around the building.</p><br>
<p>Light enters the building via an angled mirror in the metal hood. It then passed through a lens with a 150 in. (381 cm) focal length and is projected onto a parabolic white "table" in a black room. The origin of the lens is uncertain but it appears to have been part of a telescope, likely manufactured by the Clark Lens Company of Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Camera Obscura was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 for its engineering significance. While the exterior of the building was extensively modified in 1957 to appear as a giant camera, the internal workings of the camera obscura, the basis of its placement on the Register, have remained unchanged since its erection in 1946. The 1957 external architecture was eligible to be evaluated for historical significance upon reaching fifty years of age in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Lock 18 of the Enlarged Erie Canal is located off North Mohawk Street in Cohoes, New York, United States. It is made of stone blocks 3 by 2 by 1.5 feet  in size, roughly 150 ft in length, laid in a random ashlar pattern. The lock&#39;s wooden gates are no longer extant.</p><br>
<p>The lock was built as part of an 1837-1842 plan to make the canal bed larger, heading off competition from railroads, and allowing a detour around the section of canal between Albany and Schenectady to the south, which had fewer locks and was difficult to navigate. Holmes Hutchinson, a canal engineer who later became chief of that department and a director of several railroads, surveyed the route and drew up the plans for all locks in the mid-1830s.</p><br>
<p>Ten of the locks from the Enlarged Erie Canal remain within Cohoes. Lock 18 was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places, added in 1970 in recognition of the high quality of its remaining stonework; the remainder of the locks on city-owned land were added to the National Register in 2004 as a non-contiguous historic district. A city-owned trail along the former towpath allows visitors to see them. There is also a small parking lot along the street northeast of the lock with an interpretive sign.</p><br>
<p>The Ausable Club, in St. Huberts, New York, is the name of a club and the clubhouse of the Adirondack Mountain Reserve , which upon the initiative of William George Neilson, formed in 1887 to save the lands around Beedes Hotel from the lumber industry. The Reserve once owned most of the Adirondack High Peaks. The club is also the home of the Adirondack Trail Improvement Society, known as A.T.I.S, which developed and still maintains many of the trails to the high peaks. The clubhouse property, also known as St. Huberts Inn, Beede House, or Beede Heights Hotel, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Club members have included Harvard president James Conant, clergyman Henry Sloane Coffin, aeronautical engineer Jerome Hunsaker, painter Harold Weston, American statesman John J. McCloy and US Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, who blazed a trail up nearby Noonmark Mountain that is still in use.</p><br>
<p>Certain Easement Trails on AMR/AC lands are open to the public, with restrictions, and provide access to many of the High peaks trails: Basin Mountain, Mount Skylight, Mount Marcy, Mount Haystack, Mount Colvin, Nippletop Mountain, Dial Mountain, Lower Wolfjaw Mountain, Upper Wolfjaw Mountain, Armstrong Mountain, Gothics, Sawteeth, Saddleback Mountain, Noonmark Mountain, Round Mountain, and Rainbow and Beaver Meadow Falls.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The present clubhouse sits on the 600 acre site of Beedes Hotel, built in 1876. Beedes was one of the first of the Adirondack hotels to cater to wealthy sportsmen eager to escape city life during the summer, a phenomenon that predated the Civil War, but that was greatly accelerated by advances in transportation offered by steam ships and railroads. Beede&#39;s was notorious for its austere accommodations, but no less famous for its setting near Upper and Lower Ausable Lakes and the Ausable River, and for its views of Giant and Noonmark Mountains, Sawteeth and Mount Colvin. Guides were available to lead parties up the rocky ravine of the Ausable to lean-to shelters on the lakes, and thence to the high peaks above.</p><br>
<p>When it became known that the woods around Beede&#39;s was going to be timbered by the lumber company which owned them, a prominent Philadelphia mining engineer and summer resident William G. Neilson, secured a two-month option on the property dated September 20, 1886. Neilson approached several friends to join in the purchase of 25,000 acre, including the two lakes and nearby mountains. By December 1, 1886, William Neilson, William Alderson, George Burnham, Charles Hinchman, J.W. Fuller, Richard Dale and Edward Howell provided the down payment to secure a two-year warranty deed which was signed by Neilson and Alderson. By October 1887, twenty-nine stockholders had formed a corporation, the Adirondack Mountain Reserve. Although the Reserve prohibited hunting and camping, the land remained open to the public for hiking. The AMR added to its holdings, reaching a peak of 40,000 acre in 1910. However, in 1923 and again in 1978, land was sold to the state of New York as part of the Adirondack Park, so that present holdings amount to about 7,000 acre.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, Neilson approached his friend Beede, and again, secured a two month option to purchase the Beede Hotel. Neilson then presented the option to the AMR Shareholders who agreed to purchase the Hotel property and form the Keene Heights Hotel Company which was organized to operate as a financially separate entity. In the midst of the sale the building burned to the ground. The Corporation then hired the Philadelphia architectural firm Wilson Brothers & Company to design the St. Hubert&#39;s Inn and four months later the new hotel opened as the present structure. At the same time, Neilson purchased the 40 acre- Widow Beede- property which he then donated to the organization. By 1904 due to a Park wide decline in public interest and compounded by the forest fires in 1903, the Hotel proved unprofitable and the Hotel Company was closed in 1904. It is interesting to note that the Reserve had remained profitable. In 1905 the AMR integrated the Hotel Company and is now known as the Adirondack Mountain Reserve/ Ausable Club.</p><br>
<h2>The clubhouse</h2><br>
<p>The clubhouse is a -story clapboard building with sparing use of Queen Anne details, arranged in two long blocks joined at a 22.5 degree angle where a large 3-story octagonal porch provides sheltered access to the surrounding views. In addition, a porch runs the full length of the first floor. Protected by its status on the National Register of Historic Places, the building has suffered remarkably little change, inside or out, since it was built.</p><br>
<p>The Genaro P. and Carolina Briones House is a historic home in downtown Austin, Texas, United States. Built by Genaro Briones over a period of 14 years, the home features unusual molded concrete construction and a dramatic two-story porch. It is known by some in the Hispanic community as "Casa de Sueños" .</p><br>
<p>The home is located at 1204 E 7th Street, in a strongly Hispanic portion of east Austin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 7, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Marquette Branch Prison  is located in Marquette, Michigan on the south shore of Lake Superior. The prison, which opened in 1889, is a facility of the Michigan Department of Corrections that holds about 1,100 inmates in maximum and minimum-security housing. The inmate population consists of adult males, aged eighteen and older. The prison was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as State House of Correction and Branch Prison on November 23, 1977.</p><br>
<p>MBP was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in order to maintain its original buildings. MBP has become one of the state&#39;s most outstanding tourist attractions because of the beautiful flower gardens and other landscaping around the prison grounds. MBP was a prison full of attempted escapes, bloodshed, and reconstruction during the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The first outdoor game to feature an official NHL team was held on February 2, 1954. The Detroit Red Wings played an exhibition game on an outdoor ice surface, in 21 &deg;F degree weather, against inmates at Marquette Branch Prison. After the first period the Red Wings led in the game 18–0; the rest of the game the score was not kept.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>During the late 19th century the population in the Upper Peninsula quickly grew as did the number of criminal convictions. Lower Michigan prisons (Ionia and Jackson) were becoming overpopulated and the cost of moving prisoners from the Upper Peninsula to the Lower Peninsula prisons was becoming expensive. Talk of building a prison in the Upper Peninsula began. The Business Men&#39;s Association of Marquette, Michigan argued that Marquette provided a "centrally located community with excellent transportation and water facilities as well as the natural resources required to build the prison."</p><br>
<p>The Michigan legislature appropriated $150,000 to fund the proposed prison. The prison board of commissioners approved the site for the Marquette Branch Prison. A total of ten companies submitted bids for the prison. The lowest bid ($135,817.00) belonged to Wahlman and Grip of Ishpeming and they were given the contract. The first buildings included an administration building, east and west cell block wings connected by a rotunda, a dining hall, a hospital, and a power house. Construction began with the rotunda and west wing in July 1886 and all buildings were completed by June 22, 1889.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The original 1889 complex included the Administration Building, Rotunda, Cell Block A, and Cell Block B. Cell Block A was demolished in 1971, but the other buildings still remain. These buildings, designed by William Scott and Company of Detroit, form an imposing Richardsonian Romanesque complex constructed of local sandstone, with a contrasting red sandstone used for the stringcourses, cornices, window surrounds, arches, and tower battlements.</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building is a three-story structure measuring 112 feet by 56 feet, with a hipped roof. A central square tower which extends to a height of 88 feet, and contains a massive 10-foot wide Syrian entryway arch. The corners of the building contain octagonal bays topped by a pointed spire. Between the octagonal bays and the central tower are two wall dormers which project above the eave line. Round-arch windows are located on each story.</p><br>
<p>Behind the Administration Building, a corridor leads to the Rotunda, a semi-octagonal three-story structure measuring 75 by 75 foot, topped with a cupola. Two styles of arched windows are used on the rotunda. When it was constructed, the roof of the Rotunda was the largest and heaviest in the Upper Peninsula, and the original supporting timber and trusswork are still intact. Connected to the Rotunda is the one-story rectangular Cell Block B, which has arched windows along the sides and is five small cupolas used as air vents along the top.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the 1889 buildings, the prison complex includes a wing of 1923 cell blocks (blocks C, D, E, and F), a separate additive service building, a 1938 school, and a 1955 cell block extension. The 1971 Brooks Center Hospital adjoins the Rotunda, and stands where the original Cell Block A was located.</p><br>
<h2>1800s</h2><br>
<p>Governor Cyrus G. Luce appointed Orison C. Tompkins as the first warden. The selection angered many people in the Upper Peninsula because Tompkins was from the Lower Peninsula. Tompkins&#39; first action was to get inmate tradesmen from the prison in Jackson, Michigan so they could start construction of additional buildings. The first three prisoners, William Durno, Horace Becker, and Gust Peterson, were transferred from the prison at Jackson on June 22, 1889.</p><br>
<p>Early prisoners provided an array of nationalities. Convict #4, Alphonse Hetu, was a French-Canadian; convict #5, Paddy Brennan, was from Ireland; and convict #6, Mattis Walli, was born in Finland and sentenced from New York. Women were also sentenced to MBP at this time and their work was in the kitchen, laundry room, hospital, and hosiery mill. In 1893, women were no longer sentenced to MBP but to the Detroit House of Corrections.</p><br>
<h2>1900s</h2><br>
<h3>Warden Catlin&#39;s murder</h3><br>
<p>In 1921 the sixth warden of MBP, Theodore Burr Catlin, was appointed. Soon after his appointment a grand jury began investigating the prison. The chief clerk was found guilty of embezzling prison funds. Then, September brought the escapes of three prisoners. First was Arthur "Gypsy Bob" Harper who escaped by hopping the fence. This was the first escape in seventeen years. Ten days later, two other convicts escaped over the same fence by using a ladder they had made from scrap lumber found in the prison yard that was being used during construction of additional cell blocks. All three convicts were caught and returned to MBP.</p><br>
<p>This was not the end of "Gypsy Bobs" trouble-making. On December 11, 1921, along with two other convicts (Jasper Perry and Charles Roberts), Gypsy Bob attacked Warden Catlin, Deputy Fred Menhennett, the deputys son Arthur, and prison guard Charles Anderson in the prison movie theatre. The three convicts were armed with knives. They stabbed their four unsuspecting victims numerous times. The movie theatre was in total chaos, yet surprisingly, no other inmates got involved in the attacks. The main target of the three attackers was Warden Catlin who managed to close himself in a room until other prison guards were able to restore order and detain the three attackers. All four victims eventually died from complications caused by their knife wounds.</p><br>
<p>The attackers were flogged on three occasions. On Monday December 12, 1921 Harper and Perry received 30 lashes each and Roberts received 25 lashes. Then Perry and Roberts each received 25 more lashes each on Tuesday and Wednesday. Harper was not flogged because he was acting insane (smashing his head on the floor) and eventually put in a straitjacket to avoid other personal harm. The punishment of flogging was approved by the governor in certain cases such as this. The murder case was eventually dismissed because the flogging had served as their punishment. They could not be legally punished again because that would be considered "double jeopardy" so the state of Michigan no longer had a case against Harper, Perry, and Roberts. The three remained at MBP to serve out their life sentences with no further punishment. After the death of Warden Catlin, a prisoner was quoted as saying, "Warden Catlin was a man of intense courage. He was fair and just to everyone and compromised on nothing. Punishment was meted out when deserved, and encouragement when appropriate. He was everything a prison warden should be."</p><br>
<h3>Escape attempts</h3><br>
<p>In March 1922, five inmates attempted to escape through the roof of the west wing. They were successful, but were recaptured by prison officials soon after their escape. In May, "Slippery Jim" Cushway and two other inmates escaped while at work. The three escaped in a car that Leo Carney stole from a place near where he worked and picked up the other two on the way to Milwaukee. Cushway had escaped numerous times from prison. Many other escapes were successful in the 1920s. In April 1923, two fugitives, Steve Madaja and Russell Smith, escaped through the roof of the west wing and were never retrieved. On June 21, two inmates working at the prison lumber yard were found missing. George Bloochas and George Natchoff had escaped; Natchoff had stolen a.45 caliber automatic and about 40 rounds of ammunition. The hunt began for these two fugitives. Bloochas was captured first and he warned the police of the danger of Natchoff because of the weapon he possessed. During days of swamp battle, Natchoff shot many rounds, killing one deputy, Frank Curran, and injuring another. Eventually they killed Natchoff, who had a total of 14 bullet holes in his body. These escapes represent a few of many escapes that occurred during the 1920s at MBP. Also in the 1920s additional cell blocks were constructed as well as new boilers and a new dining hall that could seat around 500 inmates.</p><br>
<h3>Dr. Hornbogen&#39;s murder</h3><br>
<p>On August 27, 1931, three convicts (Andrew Germano, Charles Rosbury, Martin Duver) from Detroit opened fire in the hospital. The three first shot Doctor A.W. Hornbogen and then proceeded to the second level of an old factory and barricaded themselves. Exchange of fire continued for two hours. At one point a white flag was waived and a bottle with a note attached was thrown at the warden. The note read, "We have a bottle of explosives that will wreck this place, unless you give us a car and open the gates." The warden responded with "Start shooting again, boys!" Tear bombs were eventually used and the three mobsters killed themselves as they realized that their capture was inevitable.</p><br>
<p>The mobsters motive seemed to be revenge on Dr. Hornbogen for the death of their friend, Fred Begeman, who had died of heart disease and kidney trouble under Dr. Hornbogens watch. The three intended to escape, but their plan failed and the fatality list consisted of Dr. Hornbogen, Frank Oligschlager (trustee shot trying to help the doctor), Andrew Germano (convict), Charles Rosbury (convict), Martin Duver (convict), Frank Hohfer (convict who was armed but never engaged in the shoot-out and killed himself after his other three confederates killed themselves). This attempted escape caught national headlines, including The New York Times.</p><br>
<h3>G. Mennen Williams prison incident</h3><br>
<p>On July 8, 1950, G. Mennen Williams, the Governor of Michigan, was attacked and briefly held hostage while visiting the prison, as part of an inmate escape plot.</p><br>
<h2>2000s</h2><br>
<p>There are six level-V housing units surrounded by a twenty-foot stone wall and 10 feet of metal fencing. These units consist of single-prisoner cells and have a capacity of 546. The perimeter of the maximum security section is monitored by eight gun towers. Five of the eight towers have the capability to monitor activity inside the housing units.</p><br>
<p>There are four housing units for level-I inmates. This section consists of four dormitories, O Dorm, A Dorm, N Dorm, and P Dorm. "Both A and N Dorms have full-size gymnasiums and classrooms in them while O and P Dorms have large recreational dayrooms. All level-I housing units are double bunked. The capacity of the level-I housing units is 670."</p><br>
<p>The Brooks Medical Center is an inpatient health care facility and outpatient clinic. There are more than 30 staff at the medical center, one doctor, two dentists, a dozen nurses, and several other support staff. There are two full service kitchens at MBP, a dairy farm, and a heating and power plant.</p><br>
<p>Programming at MBP currently consists of prisoner work assignments, psychological services, library services (MBP has one main law library and four other mini law libraries), a large volunteer program, religious, as well as recreation and educational programs. The programs provide inmates with opportunities to learn job skills, good habits, and good attitudes. The staff as MBP consists of 282 custody personnel and 145 other personnel.</p><br>
<p>Amsterdam Castle, also known as the Amsterdam Armory, located at 49 Florida Avenue at the intersection with Dewitt Street in Amsterdam, Montgomery County, New York was built in 1895 by Isaac G. Perry in the castellated Late Victorian style as a National Guard Armory for the 46th Separate Company of the New York Army National Guard. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The armory was decommissioned in 1994 and purchased by the Diana family from the State of New York in 1995. In 2005 the Phemister family purchased the building, and continued the extensive renovation, utilizing green building techniques in addition to creating a new residence wing, a billiard room and three new bathrooms. The property is currently in use as a private residence, bed and breakfast and distribution facility. Of the 100 armories built in New York at the turn of the century, only several dozen are still in use as active armories, and Amsterdam Castle is the only armory converted into a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building has a total of 36,000 ft&sup2; and had 50 rooms, including a 10,000 ft&sup2; gymnasium, a rifle range, a fallout shelter and a tank garage. Originally constructed with 18" brick walls, the Phemister family&#39;s extensive renovations rebuilt the interior with separate environmentally friendly building materials including low-volatile organic compound paint and repurposed wood. In 2012, the Preservation League of NY awarded the Susan & Manfred Phemister their Excellence in Historic Preservation Award.</p><br>
<p>The castle is currently a 21-room hotel with restaurant and bar. It also continues to be used as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Hanover Square Historic District is a downtown business district in Horseheads, New York. Most of the buildings in the district were built between 1862 and 1882 in the Romanesque Revival style. The homogeneity of the district is owed to the fact that a fire levelled the town in 1862, allowing for redevelopment in this manner. The brick buildings, with their decorative corbelling, are remarkably intact.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There was a small village built around a large rock deposited by a glacier by the time General John Sullivan came to the area during the Sullivan Expedition. The Town of Horseheads grew from this small settlement around the rock, into a larger town. Later expansions away from the square produced the 1855 Extension Historic District.</p><br>
<p>South Loop Printing House District is a historic district in the downtown Chicago Loop area of Chicago, Illinois. The district is roughly bounded by Ida B. Wells , Polk, State, Taylor, and Wells Streets and includes 28 contributing buildings. The district includes many of the printing buildings used by Chicago&#39;s printing industry, the largest in the midwest from the 1880s through the 1930s. Due to its proximity to Dearborn Station and its thin property blocks that allowed for tall and thin printing buildings, land in the district was attractive to large printing companies. The district includes a small number of large and detailed buildings and many more small, homogeneous buildings used by less prominent printing firms.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is distinct from the Printing House Row District (also known as South Dearborn Street-Printing House Row Historic District), another district which includes significant buildings from Chicago&#39;s printing industry. Properties included in the district that are separately listed on the National Register include the Pontiac Building and the Manhattan Building.</p><br>
<p>The San Buenaventura Mission Aqueduct was a seven-mile long, stone and mortar aqueduct built in the late 18th and/or early 19th century to transport water from the Ventura River to the Mission San Buenaventura in Ventura, California.</p><br>
<p>Accounts vary greatly as to when the aqueduct was built. One account indicates it was built between 1780 and 1790 by the Chumash Indians under the direction of a Spanish priest trained in hydrology.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct supplied water for the residents of Mission San Buenaventura and irrigation for the mission&#39;s pasture and agricultural lands. Water from the aqueduct helped the mission flourish.</p><br>
<p>Few vestiges of it remain today. Large sections were destroyed in a Great Flood of 1862, and settlers used stones from the old aqueduct to build homes. The combined effects of floods, land cultivation, neglect and land development reduced most of the aqueduct to rubble. The only significant section that remains is located at the mouth of Canyada canyon on land that was formerly known as Rancho Cañada Larga o Verde owned by the Canet family from 1873 until at least the 1960s. This remaining section is 100 feet long and ten feet high, and is believed to have "served as a siphon, drawing water uphill through conduits." The location is at 234 Canada Larga Road near the road&#39;s interchange with the Ojai Freeway.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s, the Ventura County Cultural Heritage Commission led a fight to preserve the remaining piece, declaring it a county landmark in 1972. The following year, county supervisors voted to purchase the site. In 1975, the aqueduct site was added to the National Register of Historic Places, and in 1977 the aqueduct site was fenced off to protect it from vandalism. It was also recognized as a California Historical Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<p>A controversy arose in 1989 when a newly discovered three-foot section of the aqueduct was demolished during construction of a house. The Ventura County Cultural Heritage Board sought to prevent further demolition, and the owner built his home over the aqueduct, preserving a 20-foot-long section in his basement.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, preservationists have raised concerns about the failure of the county to take action to protect the remaining section of the aqueduct on Canada Larga Road. In 1998, the Los Angeles Times wrote that "the lone surviving significant chunk of what was once the seven-mile San Buenaventura Mission Aqueduct sits forlornly in a weed-filled corner of an orchard near a freeway offramp north of the city." Though the site is owned by the county, and the head of the county&#39;s Cultural Heritage Board called it "an engineering marvel" in sore need of preservation, the county has lacked funds, and the effects of El Nino rains continued the deterioration of the aqueduct.</p><br>
<p>Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church was a historic Presbyterian church located at Cohoes in Albany County, New York. The complex was built in 1896–1897 and consisted of a church, a church house, and a manse. The Romanesque style church was a square structure constructed of brownstone and brick with an engaged tower at each corner. It featured various gables and turrets on the roof covered in slate. The church house was a -story, Richardsonian Romanesque–style building. The manse was a 2-story stone residence with a Tudor arch doorway. The complex was demolished in 1998.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and it remains listed on the National Register despite no longer being in existence.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Cohoes Historic District takes up 35 acre of the city of Cohoes, New York, United States. Many of the 165 contributing properties date from the 1820-1930 period when the Erie Canal and Harmony Mills were the mainstay of the citys economy. It was recognized as a historic district and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. After years of neglect and decline, it has recently started to see an upswing in business activity due to its historic character and the citys efforts to protect it.</p><br>
<p>It is a roughly triangular area encompassing most of the city&#39;s business district, along the axes of Ontario and Remsen streets. Most of its buildings are contributing properties, with only a few late 20th-century intrusions; most of those are residential or commercial and in-use but they also include several churches, factories, a train station and the city hall. They range in architectural styles from Federal to Art Moderne.</p><br>
<p>One building within the district, Cohoes Music Hall, was listed on the National Register before the creation of the district. Another National Register listing, the Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church, was demolished in 1998. A similar fate befell a church building designed by Richard Upjohn after it burned in 1894, but its rectory survives.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is bounded by Oneida Street on the north and the former Delaware and Hudson Railroad (now CP Rail) tracks on the east. On the west it takes the form of an irregular diagonal beginning at the intersection of Columbia and Remsen streets at the southeast, cutting through the middle of several blocks, and ending at Ontario and Olmstead streets in the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Directly adjacent to this northeastern corner is the separately-designated Olmstead Street Historic District, which includes the Ogden Mill and row houses built for textile workers, a short distance to the northeast. To the north and east flow the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, respectively.</p><br>
<p>Most of the land in the district is developed in the form of commercial and industrial buildings, with a few churches and Cohoes&#39;s city hall. There are some vacant lots on the edges, most notably the former canal bed at the northeast corner. The land is relatively level, reflecting the nearby river confluence.</p><br>
<p>The main route through the district is NY 470, which follows Ontario Street. It leads east to Troy across the river via the 112th Street Bridge and west to Colonie. The north-south routes 32 and 787 are located along the Hudson, just to the immediate east of the district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From its settlement in the 17th century through the years after independence, Cohoes was a quiet farming community inhabited by a few families of Dutch descent. When outsiders came to Cohoes, it was to see the Cohoes Falls along the Mohawk, the source of the town&#39;s name.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the canal from 1817 to 1832 changed that. There were less than 25 buildings in the current district before 1831, but industrialization had already begun with some mills along the Mohawk. One, the Cohoes Company, began building the smaller local canal system that would provide power to many of the early businesses.</p><br>
<p>By 1837 the canal had been so successful that the company spent five years acquiring land for and then building the newer Enlarged Erie Canal, to handle larger shipping. The route, and several locks, can still be seen and followed from the northeast corner of the district to Lock 18 near the western city limit. Main Street today follows the original canal bed. In the northern part of the city, former land of the original Erie Canal was reacquired in 1846 by the Cohoes Company for its local power canal system.</p><br>
<p>The canals success led to the population of the town doubling in the 1840s, and a corresponding building boom. As a result, the town incorporated as a village, electing its first board in 1848. At this time most of todays streets were mapped and laid out. The district was the only developed area of town; it was surrounded by farmland. The railroad was built, further extending the reach of local industry and creating more jobs.</p><br>
<p>In the second half of the century, particularly once the Civil War had ended, the textile industrys growth in the town fueled another boom. The first mill, the Troy Manufacturing Co., was opened on Ontario Street in 1843. It was thought to be the first in the country devoted to manufacturing hosiery and knit products. It failed within a decade, but a new owner took over and Cohoes went from three mills in 1852 to 27 by 1886, employing 4,000 people. The thousand-foot (300 m) Harmony Mills complex was the worlds largest cotton processing facility when it opened in 1872, and later came to be identified with the town.</p><br>
<p>The earlier growth expanded, and by 1870 11,100 had settled in the village. That year it reincorporated as a city. The new construction, and reconstruction and expansion of existing properties, brought new homes and churches to the downtown area. One of the latter, St. Johns Episcopal Church, was designed by Richard Upjohn, the architect of many of Americas notable churches from that era, and built in 1870. It was destroyed by fire a quarter-century later, and replaced by a newer building but its rectory remains in use. The Music Hall, the district&#39;s best Second Empire-style building, was opened in 1874.</p><br>
<p>Kansas state architect J.C. Holland designed the Romanesque/Chateauesque City Hall in 1896. It was complemented by the Romanesque Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church (since demolished), named by local benefactor Horace Silliman for his parents and opened the same year just across the street.</p><br>
<p>Downtown was mostly built out by the start of the 20th century, but there are still some notable bank buildings from that period in the contemporary Classical Revival style. Construction slowed after World War I, reflecting the decline of the industries that had fueled the citys growth in the previous century. The Mechanics Bank and Cohoes Theatre, the latter designed and built in the 1930s (although not opened until 1941), are the only buildings downtown in the ModerneModerne style.</p><br>
<p>The onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s halted all construction and put an end to Cohoes&#39; days as an industrial center. At the same time, it meant that no alterations would take place to existing buildings, leaving them intact (if often vacant and neglected) for when the district was added to the Register 50 years later.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>All but ten of the 175 properties within the district are considered sufficiently historic to be contributing to its overall character. They include residences, commercial buildings (including some factories) churches, the city hall, post office and former train station.</p><br>
<h3>Residential</h3><br>
<p>2-4 White Street, an 1820s Federal style frame house, is one of the few pre-industrial buildings in the district and among the oldest houses in Cohoes.</p><br>
<p>Van Auken House, 115 Mohawk Street. This was the home of textile executive David Van Auken, a brick Second Empire home with exceptional Eastlake detail, a touch rare in Cohoes, built in 1873.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Episcopal Church Rectory, 169 Mohawk Street. A brick and stone hipped-roofed building designed in 1870 by Richard Upjohns firm in the Victorian Gothic style, it survives the parent church, destroyed in an 1894 fire.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial/Industrial</h3><br>
<p>205 Remsen Street. Three-story, six-bay building with dentil molding erected in the 1840s during canal boom is the largest Federal-style building remaining in the district.</p><br>
<p>Carter Block, 57-63 Remsen Street. 1850 building with square pilasters, frieze, modillioned cornice and parapet railing is the best Greek Revival building in district.</p><br>
<p>Cohoes Savings Bank, 75 Remsen Street. Well-developed Beaux-Arts bank building built in 1904 and expanded 19 years later.</p><br>
<p>Cohoes Music Hall, 58 Remsen Street. The one outstanding Second Empire building in the district, dating to 1874 and listed on the National Register in its own right in 1971. Four-story brick building with mansard roof, hood moldings, stone courses and marble storefront is one of the most ornate and best-preserved commercial facades in the district.</p><br>
<p>Cohoes Theatre, White and Remsen streets. Only major building in district in ModerneArt Moderne style, with typical overhanging multiple hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>Delaware and Hudson Railroad Station, 127 Canvass Street. Well-preserved 1883 Queen Anne building</p><br>
<p>Troy Manufacturing Mill, 302 Ontario Street. Four-story gabled mill was the first textile mill in the city when built in 1843 and possibly the first mill in the country that manufactured hosiery and knit products.</p><br>
<h3>Institutional</h3><br>
<p>City Hall, Ontario and Mohawk streets.Romanesque/Chateauesque building designed by J.C. Holland in 1895 has long been a city landmark. Features grey limestone in smooth-coursed ashlar alternating with bands of more rougher facing, conical-roofed round towers and ornamental crests and finials.</p><br>
<p>St. Bernard&#39;s Roman Catholic Church, 107 Ontario Street. Large brick Romanesque church, built in the 1860s, has an enclosed garden. Originally had a 200 foot spire that collapsed during an 1875 storm.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church, now the Cohoes Public Library, 169 Mohawk Street. Incorporates remaining manse from destroyed Richard Upjohn design.</p><br>
<h3>Demolished</h3><br>
<p>Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church, Ontario and Mohawk streets. Facing city hall and built the same year, this Romanesque Revival sandstone structure was an excellent example of the style. It was listed on the National Register in 1971 but was demolished in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and renewal</h2><br>
<p>The historic buildings have been attractive to some redevelopers as the city continues efforts to recover from the decline of its major industries and redefine itself as a bedroom community for Albany. "The revitalization of Remsen Street is the keystone to the City&#39;s future success", said a 2002 city plan for improving and revitalizing downtown. It recommended a $3.1 million plan to improve the streets and lighting in the district, with an emphasis on preserving or restoring its historic character.</p><br>
<p>The city has made some grants available for facade restoration and improvements to the rental properties above the storefronts with the goal of promoting a mix of uses among office, residential and retail. The Capital District Transportation Committee did a study that used the downtown historic district in its "Linkage" program as one of three "corridors" in Cohoes in which it recommended changes that could be made to stimulate redevelopment.</p><br>
<p>Within three years during the 2000s the value of construction projects with city issued building permits increased almost fivefold. Many of the businesses that have located in the city have been niche and specialty retailers. By 2006, there was over a million dollars in private investment downtown. A Rite Aid was built on the lot at the west edge of the district known as Bush&#39;s Block, on the site of the former Victor Carrybag building.</p><br>
<p>To ensure that new construction preserves the character of the historic district, the city has enacted a "historic overlay district" within its zoning code which includes all the citys historic areas. The code requires that any new construction or redevelopment affecting an exterior or interior space visible from outside be approved by the citys Historic Preservation and Architectural Review Board, to ensure that contributing properties &#39;"historic features altered as little as possible."</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Fleming House, also known as Flemington Castle, is a historic home located in Flemington, in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States, built in 1756. The building is now operated as a museum. It is the oldest surviving house in the borough. It is part of the Flemington Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Fleming, born in Ireland in 1707, came to the present-day United States and worked nearby as a tavernmaster, and bought 210 acre in present-day Flemington as the site for a home in 1741 from Thomas Penn, son of William Penn, the founder of the Province of Pennsylvania. After the house was constructed in 1756, the area becoming known as "The Fleming Settlement", then as "Flemings" and was known as "Flemington" by the 1870s. Fleming operated a tavern, often said to be in the house itself, which was said to have been visited by General George Washington, who it was claimed wrote about "stopping at Flemings" in his journal.</p><br>
<p>The site was sold to the Borough of Flemington by the Daughters of the American Revolution for use as a museum. The Castle has been arranged to depict typical life in the 18th century including a colonial-style kitchen, ladies parlor and tavern room.</p><br>
<p>A 2007 study by an historic preservation consultancy hired by the borough determined that claims that the house had been used as tavern, as a stagecoach stop and as a post office, and that it had been visited by George Washington were untrue, and had been embellished based on a newspaper story dating to 1870. A review of historical documents showed that Fleming operated a tavern, but that it was not located in the historic house. Court records showed that the Fleming Castle property had been seized in a sheriff&#39;s sale in 1763 and the tavern was seized in a separate sale in 1766. Records also showed that Fleming had been given a license to operate a tavern in 1746, ten years before the house was built. Despite longstanding tradition, an analysis of contemporary documents found no mention of Washington ever having visited the site.</p><br>
<p>The research also determined that there was no evidence that Fleming used the term "castle" to refer to his home. The minutes of a meeting of the Colonel Lowrey Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution held in 1906 contain the first reference to the site as the "Fleming Castle". The house was deeded to the Lowrey Chapter in 1927, which maintained the site and used it as its offices and as a museum. The group sold the house to the borough of Flemington in 2005 for $138,000.</p><br>
<p>The Hunterdon County Courthouse is an historic site located in Flemington, the county seat of Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States, that is best known as the site of the 1935 "Trial of the Century" of Bruno Hauptmann and his conviction and sentence of death for his role in the Lindbergh kidnapping.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>While Hunterdon County was established in 1714, the first courthouse in the county was built in 1791, replacing a facility that existed in Trenton, in Mercer County. This first courthouse lasted until it was destroyed by fire in 1828, with arson the suspected cause.</p><br>
<p>The current courthouse was built in 1828 on the site of the original facility, with stone from the first building used to construct the jail behind the courthouse. The jail was used until 1985 when it was replaced by a new county jail; the courthouse remained in use until 1996 when a new justice center was opened.</p><br>
<h2>"Trial of the Century"</h2><br>
<p>The trial of Hauptmann attracted sightseers to the courthouse and the attached jail. In October 1934, The New York Times reported that the courthouse was drawing hundreds of curious spectators.</p><br>
<p>Edward J. Reilly was hired by the Daily Mirror to serve as Hauptmann&#39;s attorney. Two other lawyers, Lloyd Fisher and Frederick Pope, were co-counselors. David T. Wilentz, New Jersey Attorney General, led the prosecution.</p><br>
<p>In addition to Hauptmanns possession of the ransom money, the State introduced evidence showing a strong similarity between Hauptmanns handwriting and the handwriting on the ransom notes. The State also introduced photographic evidence demonstrating that the wood from the ladder left at the crime scene matched a plank from the floor of Hauptmann&#39;s attic. Condon and Charles Lindbergh both testified that Hauptmann was "John". Another witness, Amandus Hockmuth, testified that he saw Hauptmann near the scene of the crime.</p><br>
<p>Hauptmann was ultimately convicted of the crimes and sentenced to death. His appeals were rejected, though New Jersey Governor Harold G. Hoffman granted a temporary reprieve of Hauptmann&#39;s execution and made the politically unpopular move of having the New Jersey Board of Pardons review the case, though the Board found no reason to overturn the verdict. He was electrocuted on April 3, 1936, just over four years after the kidnapping.</p><br>
<h2>Modern times</h2><br>
<p>A matching grant of more than $500,000 for restoration, rehabilitation and stabilization of the site was received from the New Jersey Historic Trust in 1997, part of $11.5 million granted to 30 historic sites across the state, and the only site selected in Hunterdon County. It is part of the Flemington Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Artifacts from the courthouse remain on display, including the witness chair from the Lindbergh Kidnapping trial and hand-carved jury chairs The courthouse has been used for reenactments of the 1935 trial, including a 1994 presentation of the play Lindbergh and Hauptmann: The Trial of the Century.</p><br>
<p>The Green Exchange is a sustainable and green retail and office development project in the Logan Square community area of Chicago, Illinois that is designed to house eco-friendly businesses and organizations. Developers of the building have been awarded LEED Platinum status for their rehabilitation of a historic landmark four-story manufacturing facility originally built in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The retail and office space is open to the public and is intended to serve as an important Midwest destination for green consumers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Green Exchange occupies the former Frederick Cooper Lamp Company building, built in 1914, and originally home to the Vassar Swiss Underwear Company. Cooper bought the building in 1967 and in 2005, relocated to China.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, Cooper announced it was closing down the factory in Chicago. In order to keep the building from being turned into condominiums, the Logan Square Neighborhood Association (LSNA), a grass-roots community organization, organized neighbors, veteran Cooper workers, and the USA Green Building Council to form the Cooper Lamps Task Force.</p><br>
<p>As Cooper began to lay off workers during the summer of 2005, the Task Force negotiated for severance benefits from the owners and applied for enhanced job-training from the city. With the support of 1st Ward Alderman Manuel Flores for a jobs-focused use for the plant, the building was sold to Baum Development, LLC, a triple bottom line commercial developer who agreed to pursue a use for the building that would create jobs.</p><br>
<p>Baum Development worked with the Commission on Chicago Landmarks and the National Park Service to win landmark protection for the building. Ninety-six percent of the original building structure was rehabilitated and maintained to preserve this landmark structure.Jeanette Almada, December 9, 2007, "Green Exchange taking the next step," Chicago Tribune</p><br>
<p>Three times larger than the Jean Vollum Natural Capital Center in Portland, OR, Green Exchange is the country&#39;s largest sustainable business community. According to David Baum, one of the developers, "In order to be a tenant in Green Exchange, you must be doing something to advance the green marketplace."</p><br>
<p>Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley has described the project as "a great example of the public-private partnerships that are working together to help make Chicago one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the nation."</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Green Exchange is located at 2545 West Diversey Avenue alongside the Kennedy Expressway, from which the buildings iconic four story clock tower can be seen. The tower underwent significant rehabilitation in 2008 to restore the façades original architectural ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s conversion has been headed by Hartshorne Plunkard Architecture. The first and second floors have retail stores and showrooms while the third and fourth floors are for shared and individual office spaces. Additional tenant amenities include bike rooms, showers and environmentally friendly meeting and event space.</p><br>
<p>The 272,000 ft&sup2, four-story building is U-shaped, divided into two wings separated by a courtyard. This layout allows natural light to penetrate from more than 600 windows that surround the building. The roof of the parking structure features a 8,041 ft&sup2; sky garden that is accessible from the second floor. Rain is collected in a 41,329-gallon cistern underneath the ground floor and used to irrigate plants and grass on the roof and the working organic garden at grade level.</p><br>
<p>The building lowers utility costs in part due to a building envelope consisting of highly insulated walls and roofs combined with 600 high performance windows. The escalator slows down when no one is using it, thereby reducing energy usage by as much as 30 percent when compared to standard models.</p><br>
<p>A sophisticated computerized Intelli-Building Automated Building Controls System with over five miles of wire and conduit controls the energy efficient HVAC mechanical system that allows for individualized control of tenant spaces and increased occupant comfort. sensors and motion sensors in each of the 250 plus comfort zones insure the tenants are breathing fresh air, along with saving energy. Variable speed frequency drives (VFDs) control every pump and blower motor averaging a 30% savings over conventional systems. Building engineers operate the building via laptops and tablets thru standard web browsers.</p><br>
<p>Non-toxic construction materials and coatings improve the indoor air quality.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Green Exchange has a variety of unique features, including a sky garden, an on-site restaurant, an expansive meeting & event space, a rooftop apiary featuring five beehives, and an adjacent urban farm that provides food for the on-site restaurant and tenants of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Awards</h2><br>
<p>LEED Platinum Certification, established by the USA Green Building Council (USGBC) and verified by the Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI).</p><br>
<p>National Historic Landmark Status was awarded in 2007 for having met all National Park Service guidelines for historic rehabilitation, thereby placing the building on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Chicago Landmark Status designated by the City of Chicago on July 30, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Bruce Abrams Award given in 2012 by the Chicago Association of Realtors. The highest honor presented at the Good Neighbor Awards, awarded for "quality construction, service to a special population, green benefits, market value and architectural significance".</p><br>
<p>Merit Award for Commercial Design and Landscape, awarded in 2013 by the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA).</p><br>
<p>Outstanding For-Profit Neighborhood Real Estate Project Award, won at the 2013 Chicago Neighborhood Development Awards (CNDA).</p><br>
<p>Preservation Excellence Award: Exterior Rehabilitation and Adaptive Reuse awarded for the rehabilitation and reuse of the former Vassar Swiss Underwear Co. Building into the Green Exchange. Given by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks at the 2014 Chicago Landmark Awards for Preservation Excellence, in recognition of the projects "exceptional commitment to Chicagos historic architecture".</p><br>
<p>Teal Park is a public greenspace in Horseheads, New York. The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and is contained within the Horseheads 1855 Extension Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land for the park was donated to the town in 1807. In 1910, political cartoonist Eugene Zimmerman, a resident of the town, designed the bandstand still standing today, known as the Zim Bandstand. The park is adjacent to the Zimmerman House, which was Eugene&#39;s home.</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>During the summer, Teal Park is home to the Horseheads farmer&#39;s market which meets on every Saturday from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. A concert series is held in the park every Thursday starting on the last Thursday of June, and ending in August.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Oscar Owre House is a historic house located at 2625 Newton Venue South just north of Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was designed by notable local architects Purcell, Feick & Elmslie in the Prairie School style.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Oscar Owre was a professor at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry. The house is generally cube-shaped but extends outward through a series of porches. The front porch is glassed-in and provides a good view of the lake. It shares some design features with the nearby William Gray Purcell House, including the low, overhanging eaves, bands of windows, and the side entry.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Owre and his wife, Katherine, were concerned that the house would come in over its budget. William Purcell later wrote, "Oscar was scared to death that this building was going to cost him more than he could afford, and had been told by all his friends that every building operation carried on by an architect was loaded with heartbreaking extras which would spoil all his fun, if not ruin him financially." Fortunately for the Owres, the house actually came in under budget, at $17,275. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 8, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Charles and Grace Parker House is a house in the Lynnhurst neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota southeast of Lake Harriet. It was designed by notable local architects Purcell, Feick & Elmslie in the Prairie School style. Architecture critic Larry Millett calls it one of Purcell and Elmslie&#39;s greatest houses, citing the broad gabled roof, the groupings of windows, the side porch, and the detail surrounding the entry. The entrance includes a fretsawn arch and a frieze above the door, with beams and a pair of pendants on either side. George Grant Elmslie designed the leaded glass windows. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Stewart Memorial Presbyterian Church, now Redeemer Missionary Baptist Church, is a Prairie School church in the Lyndale neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Prairie School architecture was uncommon for use in churches. This church, which has a flat roof and broad eaves but lacks a bell tower and other traditional church features, was inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois. It was designed by the firm of Purcell & Feick before George Grant Elmslie became a partner of the firm. The congregation was an offshoot of First Presbyterian Church and was named after the Reverend David Stewart.</p><br>
<p>The main portion of the church is organized around a cube-shaped auditorium with light provided by a wall of eastward-facing green-tinted windows. It has a narrower section with a deep balcony that extends to the south. Decoration is relatively modest, consisting mainly of wood strips in geometric patterns. The exterior is faced in brick and stucco. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. In 1988, Redeemer Missionary Baptist Church bought the building and raised over $2 million for restoration and renovation.</p><br>
<p>Camarillo Ranch House, also known as Rancho Calleguas and Adolfo Camarillo House, is a Queen Anne-style Victorian house in Camarillo, California. Built in 1892, the 6,000 ft&sup2; house was designed by architects Herman Anlauf and Franklin Ward. Adolfo Camarillo operated the ranch for 78 years, changing the operations from mostly cattle to crops. He was a leading innovator, growing lima beans, barley, corn, alfalfa, walnuts, and citrus and eucalyptus trees. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Juan was a member of the Hijar-Padres Expedition to California in 1834 and he settled in Ventura in 1857. In 1876, Juan Camarillo (1812–1880) bought the 10,000 acre Rancho Calleguas in eastern Ventura County from Jose Pedro Ruiz for $3,000 in gold.</p><br>
<h3>Legal battles for control of the Rancho</h3><br>
<p>Juan Camarillo died in 1880, and Martina Camarillo in 1898. In 1891, Martina had deeded the Rancho to her sons, Adolfo and Juan, Jr. It was also alleged that Adolfo had forced Juan to leave the country upon threats of exposure of his "private acts" that would cause disgrace and scandal. Juan testified that his sister sought to blackmail him by threatening to send him to prison for "an infamous crime," and a grandson testified that he saw Adolfo "mysteriously place a paper in Mrs. Camarillo&#39;s tin box within a few minutes after her death."</p><br>
<h3>Adolfo Z. Camarillo</h3><br>
<p>Following Juans death in 1880, his oldest son, Adolfo Camarillo (1864–1958) took over the ranch operations at the age of sixteen and turned it into "the largest bean ranch in the world." The Ranch House was built in 1892 under instruction of Adolfo Camarillo using architects Franklin Ward and Herman Anlauf. Adolfo would have preferred to have built a home in Spanish style due to his background, but the homes surrounding the area were owned by Eastern Europeans. Despite his 4’11 stature, he was highly respected within his community, and could be seen frequently riding his pure bred white stallions. Adolfos wife Isabella, who strived to fit into this new environment, would entertain guests with tea, jam, and tortillas. She enjoyed the English culture, and worked to infuse her own culture into it as well. Adolfo Camarillo himself had to have fresh tortillas every morning for breakfast. The Camarillo family had multiple servants who worked and lived on the ranch with them. A large hallway, also known as a breezeway, separates the living quarters between the servants and the rest of the family.</p><br>
<p>Adolfo Camarillo became one of the wealthiest landowners in the county, and in 1911 he was elected chairman of the Ventura County Board of Supervisors. He also served as a member of the State Board of Agriculture. For 78 years, Adolfo operated the Camarillo Ranch, changing the operations from mostly cattle to crops. He was a leading innovator growing lima beans, barley, corn, alfalfa, walnuts, citrus and eucalyptus trees. Adolfo, sometimes referred to as “The Last Spanish Don,” was a leader within the community and a heavy donator that helped shape the City of Camarillo.</p><br>
<h3>Sale and subdivision of the Rancho</h3><br>
<p>In 1963, the family put the vast ranch property up for sale. An initial sale of 5,500 acre in 1963 fell through, but the ranch was eventually sold off and developed into the housing tracts and commercial and industrial centers. The Camarillo family retained about 100 acre, including the old ranch house.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and use as the center of ranch operations</h2><br>
<p>After receiving title to the Rancho from his mother in 1891, Adolfo Camarillo hired architects Herman Anlauf and Franklin Ward in 1892 to build a 6,000 ft&sup2; Queen-Anne style Victorian house. They also designed the House at Faulkner Farm near Santa Paula. The house has two turrets, a large veranda and sprawling lawns. Adolfo also planted many varieties of trees, including eucalyptus trees, around the house. The Camarillo Ranch House, as it is now known, became the center of the sprawling Rancho Calleguas for the next 70 years. From the ranch house, Adolfo oversaw the Rancho&#39;s production of lima beans, walnuts, and citrus.</p><br>
<p>Despite the Camarillo Ranch Houses ideal location in Southern California, back in the early 1900s the home struggled to stay warm. Almost every room in the house has a fireplace in it. Adolfo looked to technology as a way to remedy problems that would arise on the ranch. He was the first farmer to ever purchase a refrigerator, which at that time, would take up an entire room in the house. However, he was able to safely store perishables for the first time in his life. He also had multiple heaters installed throughout the house in hopes of providing more warmth to his family. The most beautiful room in the Camarillo Ranch house belonged to Adolfos middle daughter Carmen. Carmen was an avid equestrian who learned how to care for and maintain the horses from the Ranch Manager, Meliton Ortiz. Up until Meliton Ortiz’ death in 2010, he would visit the Camarillo Ranch House frequently to provide stories and details about his life growing up on the ranch. The home was remodeled in 1914, when the oldest daughter Carmen married. They opened many rooms by taking down walls and changing the stair design. The grand parlor had the greatest changes from this, causing it to go from multiple to rooms to one giant open grand parlor. This was in the hopes that it would open up the house more.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, The Firm of Lopez Architects, A.I.A, of Camarillo, CA, provided a Historic Preservation Rehabilation to the House. Under the direction of Principal, Craig J. Lopez, A.I.A. the home was seismically upgraded, and replicated to its original room, exterior porch configuration and High Victorian exterior style. Between 1999 and 2000 the City of Camarillo and the Camarillo Ranch Foundation worked together to complete a $1.5 million restoration of the house, barn and stables. With its completion in 2001, the three-story, fourteen-room Queen Anne Victorian home is a fully furnished museum that provides tours and holds events.</p><br>
<h2>White Arabian stallions</h2><br>
<p>The Camarillo Ranch is known for the white Arabian parade stallions bred by Adolfo that he rode in the annual Fiesta of Santa Barbara dressed in colorful Spanish attire.</p><br>
<h2>Public ownership and operation</h2><br>
<p>In 1998, the Camarillo Planning Commission approved a zoning change to allow an industrial park to be built around the Camarillo Ranch House, but conditioned the approval on the developer&#39;s donating the ranch house, barn and 4.4 acre to the city. The city then renovated the house and opened it to the public in 2001 as a museum and site for receptions and other functions. The house is operated by the nonprofit Camarillo Ranch Foundation. The renovation cost $1.5 million and was also made possible by volunteers who donated 10,000 hours to the effort.</p><br>
<p>Camarillo Ranch House is a popular location not only for weddings and receptions but also for filming. One location manager noted that the house has the appearance of a rural setting "almost anywhere in the United States -- from Bakersfield to Nebraska."</p><br>
<h3>Use and events</h3><br>
<p>The house is operated by the Rancho Camarillo Foundation and is open to the public for docent-led tours on Saturdays and Sundays. It is also available to be rented for weddings and other special events. The Camarillo Ranch Foundation sponsors annual community events intended to educate the public about Camarillo&#39;s history, and hosts over 150 private and public events annually. The Camarillo Ranch House is a wedding venue with four different venues including the Front Lawn, the Red Barn, the East Garden, and the West Garden. Around the property are several thematic gardens including a butterfly garden and a formal Victorian garden. The Camarillo Ranch House also hosts corporate and nonprofit events.</p><br>
<h3>The Camarillo Ranch Foundation</h3><br>
<p>The Camarillo Ranch Foundation</p><br>
<p>was established in 1998 by the City of Camarillo as a non-profit public benefit organization. The Camarillo Ranch Foundation is operated by a 15-member board of directors. The Camarillo Ranch Foundation&#39;s mission statement is: “To preserve, restore, operate, and maintain the Camarillo Ranch as a historic site in partnership with our public and private sectors, on a self-sustaining basis; to foster its place in the rich history of California; to transform it into a focal point of the community for education, enrichment, and enjoyment; and to exhibit our diverse history and culture.” The Camarillo Ranch House offers programs aimed to benefit the community such as “Bring a Child to the Ranch” and scholarships to students directly related to the Camarillo family.</p><br>
<p>Hope Plantation, built in 1803, is an early house built in the Palladian mode of the Federal style, located on the Carolina Coastal Plain, near Windsor, North Carolina, in the United States.</p><br>
<p>By the 1960s, the building had survived almost a century of neglect and the citizens of Bertie County, aided by other North Carolinians and a far-flung net of support, formed the Historic Hope Foundation, Inc. (a registered non-profit organization) to purchase and rescue the house.</p><br>
<h2>Site history</h2><br>
<p>The site on which the Hope Mansion is constructed was originally occupied by linguistic relatives of the Algonkian, the Sioux and the Iroquois. North of the site were the Meherrin, and in the immediate area the Tuscarora. Although neither group seems to have had a permanent settlement, hunting artifacts abound.</p><br>
<p>A Charter to the Carolinas was granted by Charles II of England to eight Lords Proprietor in 1663 in gratitude for their support in helping him recover his throne after the execution of his father. They immediately began recruiting settlers both from England and from the English settlers in Virginia. In the 1720s the Lords Proprietor granted 1,100 acre of land at the western end of the Albemarle Sound, near the Cashie River, to the Hobson family.</p><br>
<p>Francis Hobson and his wife Elizabeth (of Hope Parrish in Derbyshire, England) migrated to the new world to occupy the land. In 1765, after Francis&#39;s death, Elizabeth inherited the property. When she married Zedekiah Stone, an emigrant from New England, the land became his and he named it "Hope" to honor her heritage.</p><br>
<p>The elder Stones built a house and began raising a family. The remnants of their house and the probable location of the quarters of their enslaved servants and workers have been explored by expert archeologists.</p><br>
<p>David Stone, Elizabeth and Zedekiah&#39;s son, was born in 1770. Despite his strong English heritage, he was raised as an American patriot, his father participating in early Provincial Congresses to support the revolutionary movement.</p><br>
<p>In 1793, David married Hannah Turner, and shortly before the marriage he was given the Hope tract by his father. David had graduated first in his class at Princeton, was widely read, and a correspondent of many of the new American intelligentsia (later with Thomas Jefferson). When he built, he built a grand mansion of European design. The house replicates almost exactly a plan in Abraham Swanns The British Architect, a book known to have been in Stones library.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The Palladian style was admired by Whigs and by American patriots, particularly in the South, who thought of themselves as inheritors of Roman ideas and ideals. The absolute balance of the symmetrical structure reflects the sense of order inherent in the style.</p><br>
<p>The house is built on high brick piers, allowing a full "basement" storey above ground. Imposing entry stairs lead to the pedimented double portico on the facade. This is lightened by the intricacy of the Chinese Chippendale balustrade on both stories of the portico and the roof walk. Four stepped chimneys and eight windows on the two sides, reinforce the front to back symmetry. The rear of the house, from which the structure is now approached, has a single height portico, with the Chippendale motif repeated.</p><br>
<p>Near the house, the kitchen has been reconstructed on the original foundation footprint. The elegant dairy has been restored.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior of Hope reflects its uniqueness in rural eastern North Carolina. The rooms chiefly used by David Stone and for entertaining are on the upper floor. The bedrooms, the family sitting room and the dining room on the entry level. The central hallway, which stretches the double front doors to the back is an imposing double hall, with an archway diving the two ends. The staircase is partially enclosed. Upstairs, there is a large, imposing landing which may have been used as an upper parlour to catch breezes. This leads into the drawing room, which resembles a ball room. Also off the landing is David Stone&#39;s library, which once held some 1400 volumes, a truly impressive collection for its time.</p><br>
<p>Also on this floor are smaller rooms which may have housed guests and are now interpreted as bedrooms. Best materials were used throughout, and although the timber was mainly local first-growth pine, a letter from a New York supplier, Joseph Sands, to David Stone in 1803, discusses marble and red stone for use in the fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>David Stone, a lawyer by training, died intestate. Thus, a complete inventory of his property was made by his administrator. Using this, the interior of the house was furnished by the Foundation with a degree of accuracy and appropriateness which has caught the attention of scholars.</p><br>
<h2>Also on the site</h2><br>
<p>The 1763 King-Bazemore House represents a fine example of vernacular architecture. It is one of the few remaining examples in North Carolina of mid-eighteenth century "hall and parlor" design. The home has been restored and furnished based on the 1778 inventory of owner, William King.</p><br>
<p>Outbuildings include a restored kitchen and the manor house&#39;s original dairy, a smoke house and store buildings, an herb garden and a kitchen garden.</p><br>
<p>There are also extensive grounds (45 acres). The original grounds extended well beyond these and amounted to nearly 1,000 acre of privately owned land, worked by over 200 slaves. The circa 1800 barn and the archeological sites make the basis for a walk which is often used as a fitness trail.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The house was sold by David Stone&#39;s son in 1836, and then passed through many hands. It endured decades of neglect. When rehabilitation of the structure was first considered in the 1960s and the state approached for aid by local citizens the executive director of the North Carolina Department of Archives and History said, "Hope is hopeless."</p><br>
<p>However, the Hope enthusiasts were not to be deterred, and on February 2, 1965, the Historic Hope Foundation, Incorporated was chartered. The house was bought by the foundation and a largely grass-roots restoration effort was launched.</p><br>
<p>By the late summer of the 1972, the restoration was complete.</p><br>
<h2>Current uses</h2><br>
<p>The Historic Hope Foundation, Incorporated through its board of directors manages the Hope Mansion and subsidizes the opening of the buildings to the public. An administrator and public tourism officer is appointed by the State of North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The foundation promotes several educational programs, and linkages with schools and universities.</p><br>
<p>It also sponsors social functions, primarily the Governor Stone Ball, as fund-raising events.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>"National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Entries # and #.</p><br>
<p>Bivins, John Jr., Furniture of the North Carolina Roanoke River Basin in the Collection of Historic Hope Foundation.: Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts. Summer 1996.</p><br>
<p>Historic Hope Foundation, Inc., The Miracle of Hope Plantation. Windsor, NC: Historic Hope Foundation, Inc., 2002.</p><br>
<p>Iobst, Richard W., Personal Life of David Stone. (microfilm). Windsor, NC Historic Society.</p><br>
<p>Powell, William S., ed., Encyclopedia of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Smallwood, Arwin D., Bertie County: An Eastern Carolina History, Charleston, Arcadia Publishing, 2002 (extensive source notes published separately by the author).</p><br>
<p>Taylor, Melanie Johnson, David Stone: A Political Biography, Greenville, NC: East Carolina University, 1968.</p><br>
<p>Umfleet, LeRae S., Books Known to David Stone, "Patron of the Arts and Sciences": An Exhibition of Volumes From His Reconstituted Library Plus Two Centuries of North Carolina Maps Dating From 1590, Exhibition Catelogue 1996.</p><br>
<p>Watson, Alan D., Bertie County, A Brief History, Raleigh, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Lancaster and Waumbek Apartments were small apartment buildings respectively located at 227-29 and 237-39 East Palmer Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. The apartments were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The two structures were well-designed examples of turn-of-the-century apartment houses in Detroit. They were designed by the prolific Almon Clother Varney, a notable architect of apartment buildings in early 20th century Detroit. These two buildings were once owned by one of Michigan&#39;s first suffragists, Sarah A. Sampson, who lived in the Lancaster with her husband from 1906 to 1919.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The subdivision where these buildings stood was platted in 1878 by Joseph B.H. Bratshaw. in 1882, Bratshaw transferred the property to his daughter Sarah A. Sampson and Susan M. Swales. The land was re-platted in 1888, and in 1903 Swales transferred her interest in the property to Sampson. Sarah A. Sampson was prominent suffragist, and active in politics in Detroit. She was married to George L. Sampson, a merchant and businessman who owned a wholesale grocery house founded by Bratshaw.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, Sampson hired Almon Clother Varney to design an apartment building; Varney took out a building permit for the lot where the Waumbek eventually stood. It is likely that both the Lancaster and Waumbek were constructed according to Varney&#39;s plans, but probably a few years later in 1904. The apartments were named for Lancaster, New Hampshire, where George L. Sampson was born, and the Indian name for the White Mountains of New Hampshire.</p><br>
<p>Early residents of the Lancaster and Waumbek Apartments included families with some social status, including the Sampsons themselves, who lived in the Lancaster from 1906 until 1919. In 1919, Mrs. Sampson sold the Lancaster and Waumbek Apartments to Robert B. Weaver. The Weaver family owned the apartments until 1961. The two buildings were abandoned as of the mid-1990s, and were demolished in November 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lancaster and Waumbek Apartments were two small three-story red brick Tudor Revival apartment buildings of similar design located side-by-side on East Palmer. Each building was constructed of brick trimmed with stone, and designed in a Tudor Revival style, although with slightly different detailing on the exterior. The façades featured projecting bays with a small light well in the middle. Both buildings measured approximately thirty-six feet wide by seventy feet deep.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were symmetrical, with a three-story monumental portico in the center of each, supported by brick piers rising two stories, and smaller brick piers on the third story level. The arched entrance was at the first floor of the portico, reached by a short flight of stairs. Detailing around the entrance archways differed between the two buildings, with the Lancaster entrance surrounded by cut-stone quoins, while the Waumbek had a label molding beneath the nameplate. Flanking the central entrance were three story, three-sided bays trimmed with limestone, containing three double-hung sash windows per floor. At the top, the bays culminated in a parapet wall, with the two buildings having slightly different detailing on the parapet.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, each of the two buildings were similar, with oak stair halls lined with wood paneled wainscoting. Each floor was divided into two apartments of similar layout, one on each side of the hall. The apartments had similar layouts: a front parlor with a bay window and a fireplace at the front of each unit, a long hall with two bedrooms off to the side, and the dining and kitchen in the rear.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas S. Sprague House was a private residence located at 80 West Palmer Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Scott & Company constructed this house for Thomas S. Sprague, a Detroit real estate developer. Sprague himself lived in the house from 1884 to 1901, when Detroit Evening News editorial writer Arthur D. Welton moved into the house. Arthur Patriache, a manager for the Pere Marquette Railroad, lived in the house from 1905 to 1916. Restaurateur Michael Guarnieri purchased the house in 1916, and it remained in the Guarnieri family possession until 1977, when Wayne State University purchased the property. The house was demolished in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas S. Sprague House was a -story Queen Anne / Shingle style house. The front facade had a variety of projecting and receding elements, and a variety of surface treatments, creating an asymmetric composition with rich texture. A one-story hipped roof porch covered the center entrance, and wrapped around a corner octagonal turret. To the side of the entrance was a triple window surmounted with stained glass. Double hung first floor windows in the turret were also topped by arched stained glass sections. The turret was topped with a gable which made the structure into a bay window. Another bay window was set into the opposite side of the facade.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house was maintained in nearly original form for almost 100 years. The interior contained combination gas-electric chandeliers, stained glass windows, patterned hearth tiles, and a radiator with a glass door warming oven. A unique asymmetrical butternut fireplace with mantelpiece was in the parlor.</p><br>
<p>Cohoes Music Hall is a vintage music hall located at 58 Remsen Street in Cohoes, New York, United States. It is a four-story brick building in the Second Empire architectural style. Built in 1874, it is considered the best example of that style in the city, with an unusually decorative front facade.</p><br>
<h2>Register of Historical Place designation</h2><br>
<p>In 1971, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. 13 years later, when the Downtown Cohoes Historic District was added to the Register, the Music Hall was listed as a contributing property. After a restoration it began putting on performances again in the 1970s. It is the fourth-oldest music hall currently in use in the country, and also serves as the city&#39;s visitor center.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The Music Hall is nine bays wide by six deep. It is made of brick with alternating courses of limestone, a material also used for the hooded trim on the windows. The mansard roof found on many Second Empire buildings is pierced by several decorative corbeled brick chimneys. Below it is a bracketed cornice.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the third and fourth stories host a 375-seat auditorium, with a balcony on the upper level. Much of the original interior furnishings and decor remains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Two local businessmen, newspaper owner James Masten and miller William Acheson, partnered to build the Music Hall in 1874. Nichols and Halcott of nearby Albany designed and built it for a cost of $60,000. It opened with a performance of Dion Boucicault&#39;s London Assurance.</p><br>
<p>They leased the space on the ground floors to stores and other businesses to provide extra income, starting with the local post office. Two years later the city&#39;s library rented some space on the second story. In 1878 Masten sold his interest to Mary Acheson for 25 cents, because he felt the local market was oversaturated. Performers who played the building over the years included Sarah Bernhardt, Buffalo Bill Cody, George M. Cohan, Jimmy Durante, Lillian Russell, John Philip Sousa, General Tom Thumb and then-Cohoes native Eva Tanguay (supposedly booed on her first appearance).</p><br>
<p>In 1880 the First National Bank moved into the first floor. By 1905, it had taken over ownership of the building, putting its name on the entablature at the roofline. They closed the theater after discovering one of the roof trusses was sagging.</p><br>
<p>By the middle of the 20th century, as the city declined along with its textile industries and the Erie Canal, the Music Hall had begun to deteriorate and fall into disuse. It became city property for $1 in 1969, with another production of London Assurance.</p><br>
<p>The Music Hall has been managed by a number of organizations throughout the early 21st Century, including CR Productions and Albany&#39;s Palace Performing Arts Center.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the street-level area serves as the city&#39;s visitor center, with displays on the history of the textile industry in the city and information about historic sites and other local attractions.</p><br>
<p>Cohoes Music Hall is now managed by Playhouse Stage Company (Park Playhouse, Inc.). The venue plays host to Playhouse Stage musical theatre productions, as well as a wide variety of live music, stand-up comedy and other performing arts and civic events.</p><br>
<p>Zimmerman House, also known as Zim House, is a historical structure located in Horseheads, New York. It was the home of cartoonist Eugene Zimmerman, also known as "Zim". The architectural and historic significance of the house led to its listing in the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Zimmerman designed the house in 1890 in a Queen Anne style. It was built by his father-in-law, Alvah Beard. Zimmerman also designed the Zim Bandstand in nearby Teal Park. Both are in Horseheads&#39;s1855 Extension Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The house is open for tour by appointment with the Horseheads Historical Society and features some of Zimmerman&#39;s works on display.</p><br>
<p>The Lawrence A. and Mary Fournier House is a historic bungalow in the Cleveland neighborhood of Minneapolis, built in 1910. It was designed by architect Lawrence Fournier as a home for himself and his family. It blends early Prairie School-style elements with American Craftsman architecture. It was also one of the first houses built in North Minneapolis.</p><br>
<p>The Fournier House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 for having local significance in the theme of architecture/engineering. It was nominated for representing the emergence of Prairie School style within the more established Arts and Crafts movement.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>In 1908 Lawrence Fournier and his wife Mary purchased a lot in what is now the Cleveland neighborhood in North Minneapolis. The Fourniers selection of a North Minneapolis lot reveals the increasing appeal of this area of the city to new residents. Minneapolis real estate developers had begun to promote the areas bucolic setting and its easy access to new streetcar lines.</p><br>
<p>As the automobile became more popular and dependable after World War I, development increased at an even more rapid rate. The Cleveland neighborhood was unusually slow to develop, however, and the Fournier House was set in a rural atmosphere until a post-World War II building boom filled in many of the neighborhood&#39;s remaining lots.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Fournier was an architect at the famous firm of Purcell & Elmslie. It became the second-most-commissioned firm of the Prairie School, after Frank Lloyd Wright. However, Fournier&#39;s work on the home two years prior to joining the firm shows the influence he had on William Gray Purcell and George Grant Elmslie. Steeped in knowledge of architectural styles, Fournier created a unique concept for the home. Mary Fournier was an artist and also influenced its design. The house the couple built exemplified the common ground between the Craftsman and Prairie Schools.</p><br>
<p>For most of the exterior detailing, Fournier selected the Craftsman style, with its broad, sloping roof pierced by shed dormers. He also created wide, unenclosed eaves, exposed rafter tails, and exposed roof beams supported by knee braces. With a Craftsman sense of economy, he eliminated the vestibule. Instead a sheltered partial-width front porch was built. Fournier used the Craftsman device of an elevated dining room window grouping with space under the windows for closets.</p><br>
<p>Prairie School traits appear within the Craftsman context, creating a mingling of the two styles. For example, a formal Prairie pedestal urn is given an informal Craftsman covering of rustic fieldstones. A Prairie-style band rides the perimeter of the foundation but fails to create much of a horizontal accent on a compact bungalow form. A more successful stylistic blend is found in a Craftsman window box given a Prairie flair as it wraps around a comer-set casement window group.</p><br>
<p>In his choice of materials, Fournier demonstrated concern for a smooth transition between the house and its setting. This concern for landscape was shared by both Prairie and Craftsman designers. The strong fieldstone foundation and rough cast stucco are more in keeping with the Craftsman School. However Fournier included sidewalks of smooth, rose-colored concrete—a trait of the Prairie School.</p><br>
<p>While at Purcell and Elmslie, Fournier served as the firm&#39;s expert in the latest domestic engineering gadgetry of the period. He used this knowledge in his own home, designing a central vacuum cleaner, laundry chute, galley kitchen, and rainwater filtration system.</p><br>
<h2>Influence</h2><br>
<p>The number of Prairie details in the Fournier house reflects the growing prominence of the Prairie School in 1910. Many of the Prairie elements Fournier experimented with in designing his own home appear with increasing frequency in the subsequent work of Purcell and Elmslie.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lawrence and Mary Fournier lived in the house until 1917, when Lawrence was transferred to Purcell and Elmslie&#39;s Chicago office. From 1917 to 1961 the house remained within a single family. Since 1961 there have been several owners. In 1995 the Fournier House was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its expression of high-style house architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Harry F. Legg House is a house in the Elliot Park neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The house appears to have been built by a tract housing developer, and its style reflects that of houses for middle to upper-class professional families in the late 18th century. The house retains its Queen Anne architectural integrity, having been altered little since it was originally built. The interior woodwork may have come from "made to order" catalogs that were circulating around that time. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The John Lohmar House is a historic house in the Near North neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It has several features common to Queen Anne style architecture, such as a wraparound Doric colonnade porch, a knob and spindle balustrade, and a bracketed cornice. Its owner, John Lohmar, was a merchant and milliner of German ancestry. Descendants of the original owner lived in the house until 1971 and preserved its original appearance as a single-family house. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Flour Exchange Building is an office building in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, designed by architects Long and Kees, who also designed Minneapolis City Hall and the Lumber Exchange Building. Construction originally began in 1892, but halted abruptly in 1893 after only four floors had been built. This was due to the effects of the Panic of 1893. Construction resumed later, and the building was completed in 1909 with eleven stories. The building is generally in the Chicago school, using a relatively straightforward approach without a lot of historic details. The modern influence of this style later influenced the Butler Square building. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Olmstead Street Historic District is located along two blocks of that street in Cohoes, New York, United States. It is a microcosm of the city&#39;s economy at its peak in the mid- to late 19th century, consisting of a former textile mill complex, a filled-in section of the original Erie Canal, and three long blocks of row houses built for the millworkers.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Today the row houses still serve as affordable housing.</p><br>
<h2>Properties</h2><br>
<p>The district is defined as both sides of Olmstead Street between Cayuga and Ontario (also NY 470) streets. This area is just to the northwest of the larger Downtown Cohoes Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The 18 buildings included in this 10-acre (4 ha) area are the houses and the former Ogden Mills complex, with its own parking lot, known as Ogden Mills Plaza. Between the street and the plaza is a grassy strip that was part of the original alignment of the Erie Canal. Today it has been made into a park, with playgrounds and other facilities.</p><br>
<p>The mill complex consists of three sections. The north and south wings are both three and a half stories tall with gabled roofs, corbeled cornices and a square tower rising from their 24-bay west facades. The seven-bay central section, built later, comes to a full four stories. Both of its facades project slightly. It has a low-pitched gable roof and a modillioned cornice. There are two outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>The rowhouses across the street are in three blocks. All are three stories high and built of brick on rubblestone foundations, but there are some differences. The longest is the northernmost, at 42 bays. It has dormer windows and stone-trimmed windows. It extends from Cayuga to Van Vechten Street, where the 15-bay middle block begins on the opposite corner. Its buildings are flat-roofed and have wood-trimmed windows. Connected to it at its south end is the 18-bay south block, with gabled roofs, seven chimneys and a corbeled cornice.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1830s, the Erie Canal (built two decades earlier) had become so successful that its management found it necessary to build the Enlarged Erie Canal to handle larger vessels. They abandoned the original route for one that ran to the west of the present-day city. The Cohoes Company, which operated a smaller, local canal system that provided water power to the industry attracted to the area by the canal, took over the former route.</p><br>
<p>The company built the north and south sections of the mill first, in 1844 and 1846 respectively. The houses were built across a new street named for company agent Charles A. Olmstead, who had supervised the original power canal construction. By 1847 the Ogden Mills were the city&#39;s leading producer of woven cotton.</p><br>
<p>That changed quickly. An 1849 strike over a 15% wage cut ended after three weeks when workers feared losing their jobs to replacements that Olmstead had advertised for, but the company failed in 1851. Harmony Mills bought the plant and expanded it in 1859 with the middle section. By the later years of the century it was part of one of the largest cotton-production actions in the country.</p><br>
<p>The mill continued to be used for clothing manufacture until the late 20th century. Today it has been converted into a mixed-use complex with apartments, retail and office space. The house blocks are now Section 8 affordable housing.</p><br>
<p>The Van Gelder Studio is a recording studio at 445 Sylvan Avenue, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, United States. Following the use of his parents&#39; home at 25 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, New Jersey, for the original studio, Rudy Van Gelder  moved to the new location for his recording studio in July 1959. It has been used to record many albums released by jazz labels such as Blue Note, Prestige, Impulse!, Verve and CTI. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 2022, for its significance in performing arts and engineering.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>From around 1952, beginning with a session led by Gil Melle that was sold to Blue Note, recordings were made by Van Gelder for commercial release in the living room of his parents&#39; house at 25 Prospect Avenue in Hackensack, a house that had been built with the intention of doubling as a recording studio. The area was later subsumed by the Hackensack University Medical Center.</p><br>
<p>In a 2012 interview, Van Gelder explained to Marc Myers,</p><br>
<p>"My father decided to build a home on a lot there in 1946. By then I was completely involved with recording local musicians who wanted to hear themselves on a 78 rpm. When my father was having the blueprints done, I asked him if I could have a control room with a double glass window next to the living room. I wanted to perfect the techniques of contemporary music recording......My father agreed immediately. He knew how passionate I was about the music and the process of recording. I asked that the living room be as large a space as possible, within the footprint of the house. My father’s architect decided to accomplish this by making the living room ceiling higher than the rest of the house, which made for great acoustics."</p><br>
<p>"The house was U-shaped, with the bottom of the U facing the street. It was a modern, California-style house. If you viewed the house from the street, the bedrooms and control-room were in the wing on the right side. The living room/studio was in the center, and the left wing housed the kitchen and dining room. Outside the dining room was an open patio......They soon added a separate entrance to the bedroom wing. They were always very supportive and encouraging of my recording activities. All of the musicians smoked at the time but my parents rarely complained. Just once I remember my mother leaving me a note asking me to tidy up better."</p><br>
<p>In July 1959, Van Gelder moved to a new facility in Englewood Cliffs. The last recording session at Hackensack and the first at Englewood Cliffs were both led by Ike Quebec and are contained in From Hackensack to Englewood Cliffs, a collection of singles recorded by the saxophonist in July 1959.</p><br>
<p>Important recordings made at Hackensack include Booker Ervin "The Space Book" "The Freedom Book "The In Between" "Groovin High" "Exultation!" Miles Davis&#39; Workin and Steamin (1956); solo debuts by Hank Mobley (Hank Mobley Quartet, 1955) and Johnny Griffin (Introducing Johnny Griffin, 1956).</p><br>
<p>Van Gelder&#39;s recording techniques were closely guarded, to the extent that microphones were moved when photography of bands was taking place in order to disguise his means of recording.</p><br>
<p>The new structure with a 39-foot ceiling resembles a chapel. The critic Ira Gitler describes the studio in liner notes for the saxophonist Booker Ervins The Space Book (1964): "In the high-domed, wooden-beamed, brick-tiled, spare modernity of Rudy Van Gelders studio, one can get a feeling akin to religion." "When I started making records, there was no quality recording equipment available to me," Van Gelder recalled in 2005. "I had to build my own mixer. The only people who had quality equipment were the big companies. They were building their own electronics."</p><br>
<p>Among many significant recordings made at Englewood Cliffs are John Coltranes A Love Supreme (1964), Booker Ervins "The Space Book", 1964 Sonny Rollins Sonny Rollins on Impulse! (1965), Stanley Turrentines Cherry (1972) and Dont Mess with Mister T (1973), Andrew Hills Point of Departure (1964), Freddie Hubbards Red Clay (1970) and Hank Mobleys Soul Station (1960).</p><br>
<p>For its significance in the history of jazz music, the Van Gelder Studio was entered in to the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 2022. The nomination was prepared by a group of historic preservationists, Peggy Norris, H. Michael Gelfand, and Jennifer Rothschild, and the music historian Ashley Kahn.</p><br>
<h2>List of recording sessions</h2><br>
<p>The following table lists recording sessions for albums held at the studio.</p><br>
<h3>1950s</h3><br>
<h3>1960s</h3><br>
<h3>1970s</h3><br>
<h3>1980s</h3><br>
<h3>1990s</h3><br>
<h3>2000s</h3><br>
